Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance: Surveillance over the years (2002 to 2021)

Launching CIPARS

The Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) was developed as a coordinated suite of pilot projects to assess the feasibility of a representative and methodologically unified national surveillance system.

The program was modeled after similar international initiatives and developed into a national integrated surveillance program that collects, analyzes, and communicates trends in antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) for select enteric bacteria from humans, animals, and retail meat across Canada.

2002

AMR

• Human: Salmonella and Shigella retrospective surveillance data (1993 to 2001) (Passive; National)
• Abattoir: Beef cattle, chickens, pigs started (Active; National)
• Animal Clinical: Cattle, chickens, pigs, turkeys started (Passive; National)
• Feed and Feed Ingredients: (Passive; National)

AMU

• Human: Antimicrobial sales data (Pharmacy sales, Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS); National)

2003

AMR

• Retail: Beef, chicken, pork started (Active; ON & QC)
• Human Clinical: started (Enhanced Passive; National)

AMU

• Human: AMU data started (Pharmacy sales; National)

2005

AMR

• Retail: Saskatchewan added

2006

AMR

• Farm: Pigs started (Active; AB, SK, MB, ON, QC)

AMU

• Animal: Canadian Animal Health Institute (CAHI) antimicrobials distributed for sale for use in animals data started (Manufacturer and distributor sales; National)
• Farm: Grower-finisher pigs started (Feed, water, injectables AMU data; AB, SK, MB, ON, QC)

2007

AMR

• Retail: British Columbia added (pilot)
• Animal Clinical: Horse reporting added

AMU

• Human: AMU data (NL & PE added)

2008

AMR

• Retail: Maritimes added (pilot); fish/shrimp added (pilot)
• Discontinued Enterococcus spp. isolation in retail chicken and farm pigs in 2010 and 2011, respectively

2012

AMR

• Retail: Turkey added (BC, SK, ON, QC; Maritimes sampling paused for 2012 due to sampling delays)

AMU

• Began provincial stratification of the quantity of antimicrobials distributed for sale for use in animal data

2013

AMR

• Farm: Broiler chicken started at placement and pre-harvest (BC, AB, ON, QC)

AMU

• Human-animal-crop integrated AMU comparison began
• Farm: Broiler chicken started (Feed, water, injectables AMU data; BC, AB, ON, QC)
• Plants/Crops: Sales reporting data collection started (Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA), Regulated; National)

2014

AMR

• Retail: Alberta added
• Farm: Turkey started (BC)

AMU

• Farm: Turkey started (Feed, water, injectables AMU data; BC)

2015

• Sampling issues

AMR

• Retail: (2015 onwards) due to budgetary constraints, sampling in Atlantic region was discontinued and partial sampling was conducted in ON and Prairies.

2016

AMR

• Human: Campylobacter data from FoodNet Canada acquired
• Farm: Feedlot beef started (AB) Farm: Turkey (ON & QC added)

AMU

• Farm: Turkey (Feed, water, injectables AMU data; ON & QC added)

2017

AMU

• Marine and freshwater finfish aquaculture: AMU data started (Department of Fisheries (DFO), Regulated; National)

2018

AMR

• Farm: Broiler placement sampling discontinued.
• Farm: Turkey (AB added)

AMU

• Farm: Feedlot and Dairy Cattle surveillance launch (pilot).
• Farm: Grower-finisher pig water and injectables AMU (quantitative data) started
• Veterinary Antimicrobial Sales Reporting (VASR): Joint Health Canada and Public Health Agency of Canada; veterinary pharmaceutical manufacturers, importers, and compounders data started (Regulated; National)

2019

AMR

• Farm: Feedlot beef expanded (AB, SK, ON)

AMU

• Farm: metrics for estimating quantity of antimicrobials administered (water) for farm animals were revised
• Farm: Feedlot beef data started (AB, SK, ON)
• VASR: Data incorporated into the CIPARS report

2020

• COVID-19: CIPARS sampling and operations heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic

AMR

• Farm: Layer chicken started (pilot; BC, AB, ON, QC)
• Human: Salmonella isolates; began testing by Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)
• Retail: QC sampled (Jan-Mar), BC (Jan-Mar & Sept-Dec), Prairies and ON had no sampling

AMU

• VASR: new denominator used for average live weight at slaughter calculation (mg/kg biomass slaughter)

2021

• COVID-19

AMR

• Farm: Layer chicken data combined with 2020 data
• Retail: BC was only province sampled (Jan; July-Aug; Dec)

AMU

• VASR: Refinement of populations included VASR denominator
• Farm: Broiler chicken & turkey added mg/kg animal biomass metric