Quality of Canadian barley in 2025: Annual harvest survey
ISSN 1182-4417
Sampling and survey methodology
The 2025 malting barley survey is based on varietal composites that represent approximately 1,400,000 tonnes of malting barley selected for domestic processing or export. The grain handling and malting companies involved in the selection process were Cargill Ltd., Canada Malting Co. Ltd., Boortmalt, Rahr Malting Canada Ltd., Richardson International Ltd., Viterra Inc. and Malteurop Canada Ltd. The tonnage included in this survey represents only a portion of the total volume of malting barley selected in western Canada. Some additional samples included in this report came from the Canadian Grain Commission’s Harvest Sample Program. Samples were received from the beginning of harvest until November 15, 2025.
Quality of barley selected for malting in 2025
- In 2025, the average protein content in barley selected for malting was 11.8%, which was lower than the 2024 average (12.2%) and slightly below the 10‑year average (12.0%) (Figure 3.1). The protein content by variety is given in Figure 3.2.
- The average test weight was 67.9 kg/hL, which was significantly higher than the 2024 average (64.6 kg/hL) and above the 10‑year average (66.6 kg/hL) (Figure 3.3). Test weight comparisons by variety are in Figure 3.4.
- The average 1000‑kernel weight was 48.1 g, exceeding both the 2024 average (44.1 g) and the 10‑year average (45.6 g) (Figure 3.5). All varieties had higher 1000‑kernel weights in 2025 compared to 2024 (Figure 3.6).
- The average kernel plumpness, measured as kernels retained on a 6/64” slotted screen, was 96%. This was much higher than the 2024 average (87.3%) and above the 10‑year average (93.4%) (Figure 3.7). The kernel plumpness value was higher across all varieties in 2025 compared to 2024 (Figure 3.8).
- The content of β‑glucans, arabinoxylans and starch in selected malting varieties grown in western Canada in 2023, 2024, and 2025 is shown in Figure 3.9, Figure 3.10 and Figure 3.11. Average starch content in 2025 barley was 2 to 3% higher than in 2024, while gelatinization temperature was 2 to 3°C lower (Figure 3.12).
- The average hardness index of barley grain in 2025 ranged from 45 to 54, slightly lower than in 2024 for most varieties (Figure 3.15).
- Kernel length in 2025 barley was slightly lower than in 2024 (Figure 3.13), whereas kernel thickness and width were much higher (Figure 3.14). Kernel lightness was also slightly lower than in 2024 (Figure 3.16).
- 2025 barley exhibited excellent average germination energy at 4 mL (99%) (Figure 3.17). In 2025, the average germination energy at 8 mL was 90%, which was only slightly lower than the 2024 average (95%) (Figure 3.19).
Graph data
| Year | Harvest samples (before selection) | Selected for malting |
|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 12.4 | 12.5 |
| 2016 | 11.3 | 11.7 |
| 2017 | 11.5 | 11.8 |
| 2018 | 11.9 | 12.1 |
| 2019 | 11.5 | 12.0 |
| 2020 | 11.8 | 11.9 |
| 2021 | 13.2 | 13.9 |
| 2022 | 12.3 | 12.6 |
| 2023 | 12.3 | 12.6 |
| 2024 | 12.2 | 13.2 |
| 2025 | 11.8 | 12.0 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| AAC Connect | 12.2 | 10.9 | 13.5 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 14.0 | 12.1 | 10.2 | 12.9 |
| AAC Synergy | 12.1 | 10.7 | 13.5 | 12.1 | 10.5 | 13.9 | 11.8 | 10.1 | 12.8 |
| CDC Copeland | 12.1 | 10.9 | 13.6 | 12.1 | 10.7 | 13.5 | 11.7 | 10.4 | 12.4 |
| CDC Fraser | 12.0 | 9.9 | 13.6 | 12.0 | 11.1 | 13.8 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 12.5 |
| CDC Churchill | 11.5 | 9.9 | 13.5 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 13.9 | 11.4 | 9.3 | 12.7 |
Graph data
| Year | Test weight (kg/hL) |
|---|---|
| 2015 | 66.6 |
| 2016 | 66.5 |
| 2017 | 68.1 |
| 2018 | 69.5 |
| 2019 | 66.3 |
| 2020 | 67.2 |
| 2021 | 64.8 |
| 2022 | 66.7 |
| 2023 | 65.0 |
| 2024 | 64.7 |
| 2025 | 67.9 |
| 10-year average | 66.6 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Fraser | 64.1 | 62.3 | 68.3 | 64.6 | 62.5 | 67.4 | 68.0 | 65.3 | 71.0 |
| AAC Synergy | 65.8 | 64.1 | 68.9 | 65.0 | 60.4 | 69.0 | 67.8 | 64.6 | 71.2 |
| CDC Churchill | 66.3 | 64.3 | 67.8 | 64.6 | 60.9 | 68.0 | 67.6 | 63.0 | 71.7 |
| AAC Connect | 64.9 | 62.1 | 67.4 | 65.6 | 63.0 | 69.3 | 67.1 | 64.7 | 69.8 |
| CDC Copeland | 64.7 | 60.9 | 67.8 | 64.4 | 60.1 | 66.2 | 67.0 | 63.1 | 70.0 |
Graph data
| Year | 1000 kernel weight (g) |
|---|---|
| 2015 | 45.7 |
| 2016 | 46.5 |
| 2017 | 44.9 |
| 2018 | 46.7 |
| 2019 | 45.1 |
| 2020 | 45.5 |
| 2021 | 45.3 |
| 2022 | 45.0 |
| 2023 | 46.8 |
| 2024 | 44.1 |
| 2025 | 48.1 |
| 10-year average | 45.6 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| AAC Connect | 49.6 | 43.1 | 55.6 | 46.8 | 42.1 | 53.4 | 50.2 | 45.8 | 53.7 |
| CDC Fraser | 48.0 | 43.6 | 52.5 | 44.9 | 41.3 | 48.6 | 49.2 | 45.1 | 51.4 |
| AAC Synergy | 48.1 | 45.1 | 53.3 | 44.9 | 37.9 | 50.4 | 48.6 | 46.0 | 51.2 |
| CDC Copeland | 45.1 | 40.6 | 50.6 | 42.6 | 37.2 | 47.4 | 46.5 | 42.6 | 50.4 |
| CDC Churchill | 47.2 | 42.3 | 53.5 | 41.9 | 37.5 | 45.8 | 45.9 | 41.0 | 50.1 |
Graph data
| Year | Plumpness, over 6/64" sieve (%) |
|---|---|
| 2015 | 94.5 |
| 2016 | 93.1 |
| 2017 | 93.6 |
| 2018 | 95.6 |
| 2019 | 92.7 |
| 2020 | 92.4 |
| 2021 | 96.1 |
| 2022 | 93.8 |
| 2023 | 94.6 |
| 2024 | 87.3 |
| 2025 | 96.0 |
| 10-year average | 93.4 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Fraser | 93.8 | 87.1 | 97.4 | 90.8 | 85.8 | 95.8 | 97.1 | 93.0 | 98.7 |
| AAC Synergy | 93.3 | 85.3 | 96.7 | 89.2 | 74.9 | 95.2 | 96.9 | 94.3 | 99.0 |
| AAC Connect | 90.3 | 73.8 | 95.3 | 87.5 | 78.0 | 95.1 | 96.4 | 91.2 | 98.7 |
| CDC Copeland | 89.0 | 78.0 | 94.6 | 84.9 | 67.3 | 94.2 | 94.8 | 89.5 | 98.0 |
| CDC Churchill | 91.4 | 78.1 | 96.3 | 82.9 | 67.9 | 92.3 | 94.8 | 87.5 | 99.1 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| AAC Synergy | 4.22 | 3.94 | 4.60 | 4.37 | 3.72 | 6.16 | 4.31 | 4.01 | 4.63 |
| CDC Fraser | 3.97 | 3.77 | 4.21 | 4.16 | 3.93 | 4.43 | 4.27 | 4.07 | 4.46 |
| AAC Connect | 4.00 | 3.77 | 4.41 | 4.09 | 3.81 | 4.38 | 4.13 | 3.76 | 4.41 |
| CDC Churchill | 3.88 | 3.63 | 4.04 | 4.01 | 3.64 | 4.31 | 3.93 | 3.45 | 4.45 |
| CDC Copeland | 3.82 | 3.51 | 4.28 | 3.79 | 3.41 | 4.18 | 3.81 | 3.47 | 4.11 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| AAC Connecct | 6.47 | 5.95 | 7.12 | 6.18 | 5.88 | 6.49 | 6.36 | 5.86 | 6.67 |
| CDC Fraser | 6.93 | 6.43 | 7.92 | 6.51 | 6.26 | 6.88 | 6.49 | 6.03 | 6.80 |
| AAC Synergy | 6.98 | 6.15 | 7.49 | 6.77 | 6.16 | 7.18 | 6.81 | 6.57 | 7.16 |
| CDC Churchill | 7.16 | 6.66 | 7.64 | 7.05 | 6.50 | 7.39 | 6.70 | 6.36 | 7.44 |
| CDC Copeland | 7.27 | 6.64 | 8.08 | 7.03 | 6.47 | 7.56 | 6.88 | 6.40 | 7.10 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Churchill | 60.3 | 56.4 | 64.9 | 61.6 | 58.7 | 63.9 | 62.6 | 60.4 | 65.3 |
| CDC Fraser | 59.5 | 56.2 | 64.1 | 60.9 | 58.4 | 62.8 | 61.6 | 59.5 | 61.1 |
| CDC Copeland | 59.2 | 56.2 | 64.1 | 61.2 | 58.4 | 64.0 | 61.4 | 59.2 | 63.5 |
| AAC Connect | 59.9 | 57.1 | 64.1 | 61.1 | 58.3 | 63.8 | 61.2 | 58.5 | 63.7 |
| AAC Synergy | 59.1 | 56.2 | 61.8 | 60.6 | 55.7 | 63.6 | 61.1 | 58.8 | 63.5 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Fraser | 61.9 | 60.1 | 63.7 | 62.8 | 61.2 | 63.8 | 60.7 | 59.9 | 61.1 |
| AAC Synergy | 62.0 | 60.9 | 64.0 | 63.5 | 61.9 | 64.7 | 61.2 | 60.2 | 62.0 |
| AAC Connecct | 62.0 | 61.1 | 63.4 | 63.5 | 62.3 | 64.2 | 61.6 | 60.1 | 62.5 |
| CDC Copeland | 62.5 | 61.1 | 63.5 | 63.6 | 62.2 | 64.6 | 61.7 | 60.5 | 62.6 |
| CDC Churchill | 62.4 | 61.6 | 63.5 | 64.1 | 62.6 | 65.0 | 61.9 | 60.3 | 63.3 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| AAC Connecct | 9.48 | 9.01 | 10.17 | 9.24 | 8.79 | 9.50 | 9.24 | 8.61 | 9.80 |
| AAC Synergy | 9.09 | 8.78 | 9.45 | 9.06 | 8.77 | 9.36 | 8.88 | 8.28 | 9.30 |
| CDC Churchill | 9.12 | 8.87 | 9.74 | 8.97 | 8.55 | 9.23 | 8.85 | 8.37 | 9.17 |
| CDC Fraser | 9.27 | 8.87 | 9.55 | 9.01 | 8.85 | 9.18 | 8.83 | 8.42 | 9.10 |
| CDC Copeland | 9.01 | 8.70 | 9.40 | 8.86 | 8.47 | 9.24 | 8.79 | 8.34 | 9.15 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| AAC Connect | 3.62 | 3.40 | 3.75 | 3.55 | 3.41 | 3.72 | 3.64 | 3.49 | 3.77 |
| AAC Synergy | 3.62 | 3.50 | 3.77 | 3.54 | 3.34 | 3.70 | 3.62 | 3.51 | 3.72 |
| CDC Copeland | 3.57 | 3.43 | 3.70 | 3.53 | 3.37 | 3.68 | 3.62 | 3.54 | 3.72 |
| CDC Fraser | 3.59 | 3.48 | 3.69 | 3.54 | 3.40 | 3.70 | 3.62 | 3.50 | 3.67 |
| CDC Churchill | 3.64 | 3.43 | 3.81 | 3.52 | 3.39 | 3.68 | 3.59 | 3.46 | 3.69 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Copeland | 45.3 | 34.8 | 60.2 | 48.2 | 43.0 | 59.0 | 44.8 | 34.7 | 51.5 |
| AAC Connect | 43.6 | 36.5 | 50.8 | 49.9 | 38.2 | 61.2 | 48.7 | 39.1 | 57.3 |
| CDC Churchill | 46.7 | 37.4 | 54.4 | 52.2 | 38.3 | 63.8 | 49.6 | 38.5 | 61.4 |
| AAC Synergy | 47.5 | 37.2 | 62.5 | 53.2 | 44.8 | 63.7 | 54.3 | 47.8 | 62.0 |
| CDC Fraser | 52.5 | 47.0 | 64.5 | 53.8 | 41.6 | 62.9 | 55.3 | 50.5 | 65.3 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| AAC Connect | 0.557 | 0.526 | 0.608 | 0.544 | 0.507 | 0.600 | 0.502 | 0.476 | 0.557 |
| AAC Synergy | 0.562 | 0.504 | 0.631 | 0.548 | 0.514 | 0.605 | 0.514 | 0.464 | 0.558 |
| CDC Churchill | 0.561 | 0.534 | 0.615 | 0.554 | 0.530 | 0.618 | 0.518 | 0.487 | 0.573 |
| CDC Fraser | 0.561 | 0.527 | 0.586 | 0.554 | 0.535 | 0.597 | 0.522 | 0.499 | 0.552 |
| CDC Copeland | 0.584 | 0.542 | 0.644 | 0.566 | 0.522 | 0.618 | 0.526 | 0.474 | 0.577 |
Graph data
| Year | Germination energy (%, 4 ml) |
|---|---|
| 2015 | 97 |
| 2016 | 97 |
| 2017 | 99 |
| 2018 | 99 |
| 2019 | 98 |
| 2020 | 99 |
| 2021 | 98 |
| 2022 | 99 |
| 2023 | 98 |
| 2024 | 99 |
| 2025 | 99 |
| 10-year average | 98 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Copeland | 98 | 97 | 100 | 98 | 96 | 100 | 99 | 97 | 100 |
| AAC Synergy | 98 | 95 | 100 | 98 | 96 | 100 | 99 | 95 | 100 |
| AAC Connect | 99 | 96 | 100 | 98 | 96 | 100 | 98 | 97 | 100 |
| CDC Churchill | 99 | 97 | 100 | 99 | 97 | 100 | 99 | 96 | 100 |
| CDC Fraser | 96 | 84 | 100 | 98 | 95 | 100 | 98 | 96 | 100 |
Graph data
| Year | Germination energy (%, 8 ml) |
|---|---|
| 2015 | 86 |
| 2016 | 90 |
| 2017 | 96 |
| 2018 | 97 |
| 2019 | 89 |
| 2020 | 95 |
| 2021 | 93 |
| 2022 | 92 |
| 2023 | 94 |
| 2024 | 95 |
| 2025 | 90 |
| 10-year average | 92 |
Graph data
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Copeland | 94 | 81 | 100 | 96 | 88 | 100 | 93 | 86 | 98 |
| CDC Fraser | 88 | 56 | 99 | 93 | 86 | 99 | 92 | 81 | 97 |
| AAC Connect | 95 | 83 | 100 | 95 | 86 | 100 | 92 | 82 | 98 |
| AAC Synergy | 93 | 85 | 99 | 95 | 84 | 99 | 90 | 78 | 97 |
| CDC Churchill | 92 | 82 | 98 | 93 | 86 | 99 | 89 | 76 | 99 |
Pre-harvest sprouting
Pre-harvest sprouting can occur when mature grain remains unharvested in the field during prolonged periods of wet weather. One of the enzymes produced very early during germination is α-amylase. Since the level of α-amylase in sound grain is very low compared to that in germinating grain, the content of α-amylase in grain can be used as a marker of germination. Rapid visco analysis (RVA) indirectly estimates the amount of α-amylase in barley by measuring the viscosity of ground barley in water. The viscosity results are expressed in Rapid Visco Units (RVU) which then can be converted to centipoise (cP) (1 RVU = 12 cP).
Barley selectors use RVA to identify sound, moderately and strongly pre-germinated barley, and to manage their supply accordingly. Samples with final viscosity values greater than 120 RVU are considered sound, and the probability that they will retain germination energy after storage is very high. Samples with RVA values of 50 to 120 RVU are moderately pre-germinated, while samples with RVA values less than 50 RVU are substantially pre-germinated and have a high probability of losing germination energy during storage. They should be malted as soon as possible. To more accurately predict safe storage time, storage conditions (temperature and relative humidity) and the initial moisture content of the grain must be considered in addition to the RVA values.
This year’s crop was challenged by occasional rainy conditions during harvest in August. The RVA results show that barley was moderately affected by pre-harvest sprouting (Figure 3.21). The RVA results were higher for barley grown in Alberta and Saskatchewan than in Manitoba. Figure 3.22 compares the RVA results for individual varieties grown in 2023, 2024 and 2025. The RVA results stress the need to identify barley with low RVU that should be malted promptly, especially if the moisture content of grain is relatively high. As indicated in the next section of this report, pre-germinated barley malted soon after harvest can produce good quality malt.
| Risk of germination loss in storage | RVA viscosity (RVU) |
|---|---|
| Low | ≥ 120 |
| Intermediate | 50 to 120 |
| High | < 50 |
Graph data
The boxes in the graphs show the range of RVA values in the middle 50% of the analysed samples. Quartiles and means are represented by boxes and horizontal lines, respectively. Whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values.
| Location | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Alberta | 78 | 13 | 148 | 84 | 16 | 156 | 101 | 6 | 162 |
| Saskatchewan | 53 | 3 | 164 | 99 | 5 | 153 | 79 | 4 | 156 |
| Manitoba | 79 | 8 | 152 | 103 | 7 | 151 | 48 | 5 | 156 |
Graph data
The boxes in the graph show the range of RVA values in the middle 50% of the analysed samples. Quartiles and means are represented by boxes and horizontal lines, respectively. Whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values.
| Variety | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Copeland | 78 | 15 | 164 | 107 | 27 | 153 | 105 | 11 | 162 |
| CDC Churchill | 82 | 6 | 148 | 95 | 16 | 152 | 96 | 6 | 156 |
| AAC Synergy | 57 | 7 | 146 | 101 | 15 | 149 | 95 | 12 | 141 |
| AAC Connect | 61 | 7 | 146 | 90 | 8 | 136 | 77 | 7 | 143 |
| CDC Fraser | 45 | 5 | 135 | 57 | 7 | 140 | 56 | 7 | 120 |
Malting conditions and methodologies
Initial malting trials indicated that barley grown in 2025 absorbed water slightly slower during steeping than 2024 barley. The reduced absorption was influenced by the higher test weight, greater plumpness, and larger kernel size of 2025 barley. As a result, the second wet steeping cycle was extended to 7 hours, compared with 6 hours in 2024. Additional water was also applied during germination to samples with steep‑out moisture below 45.5%. The germination and kilning steps followed the same schedule as in 2024 (Table 3.1).
Different steeping, germination, and kilning conditions were applied to the malting of SY Stanza and the hulless varieties (CDC Armstrong and CDC Pristine) to account for SY Stanza’s water sensitivity and the distinct grain characteristics of the hulless grains (absence of hulls) (Table 3.2). It should be noted, however, that the malting conditions used in this survey are not necessarily optimized for either type of barley.
All the analytical methods used to evaluate barley, malt, and wort quality in this survey are detailed in the Appendix.
| Steeping | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| First steep | 8 h | 8 h |
| First air rest | 15 h | 15 h |
| Second steep | 6 h | 7 h |
| Second air rest | 14 h | 14 h |
| Temperature of steeping | 14°C | 14°C |
| Additional spraying during germination | No | Yes, water added to sample with steep-out moisture < 45.5% |
| Germination | 96 h at 15°C | 96 h at 15°C |
| Kilning | 12 h at 60-65°C, 6 h at 65°C, 2 h at 75°C, 5 h at 83-85°C, 2 h at 60°C, 2 h at 40°C | 12 h at 60-65°C, 6 h at 65°C, 2 h at 75°C, 5 h at 83-85°C, 2 h at 60°C, 2 h at 40°C |
| Steeping | SY Stanza | Hulless barley |
|---|---|---|
| First steep | 4 h | 6 h |
| First air rest | 12 h | 8 h |
| Second steep | 6 h | 6 h |
| Second air rest | 10 h | 8 h |
| Third steep | 6 h | 6 h |
| Third air rest | 8 h | 8 h |
| Temperature of steeping | 15°C | 15°C |
| Germination | 96 h at 16°C | 96 h at 16°C |
| Kilning | 12 h at 50-55°C, 6 h at 60-65°C, 2 h at 75°C, 5 h at 80-85°C, 2 h at 60°C, 2 h at 40°C | 6 h at 30-55°C, 16 h at 55°C, 8 h at 55-65°C, 10 h at 65°C, 2 h at 65-80°C, 6 h at 80-82°C, 2 h at 60°C, 2 h at 40°C |
Malting quality in 2025: Varietal and yearly comparisons
Figure 3.23, Figure 3.25, Figure 3.27, Figure 3.29, Figure 3.31 and Figure 3.33 compare the average values of fine extract, malt α‑amylase, malt diastatic power, wort free amino nitrogen (FAN), malt proteins and wort β‑glucans for established malting varieties evaluated annually in our survey since 2019. The line graphs present arithmetic averages, with the number of samples evaluated in 2025 shown in parentheses after each variety name. The corresponding box plots (Figure 3.24, Figure 3.26, Figure 3.28, Figure 3.30, Figure 3.32 and Figure 3.34) illustrate the distribution of results for fine extract, malt α‑amylase, malt diastatic power, wort FAN, malt proteins and wort β‑glucans for established malting varieties and new varieties (CDC Goldstar, Bill Coors 100, and SY Stanza) evaluated for the first time in 2025.
Graph data
| Year | CDC Copeland | AAC Synergy | AAC Connect | CDC Fraser | CDC Churchill |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 81.0 | 81.9 | 82.8 | 82.7 | no data |
| 2020 | 80.3 | 81.0 | 81.6 | 81.6 | 81.8 |
| 2021 | 78.5 | 79.0 | 79.4 | 79.3 | no data |
| 2022 | 80.5 | 81.3 | 82.0 | 81.8 | 81.6 |
| 2023 | 80.0 | 80.5 | 81.0 | 80.7 | 81.2 |
| 2024 | 79.6 | 79.9 | 80.6 | 80.5 | 79.9 |
| 2025 | 80.2 | 80.9 | 81.2 | 81.3 | 81.2 |
Graph data
| Variety | Fine Extract | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Fraser | 81.3 | 80.1 | 82.2 |
| CDC Churchill | 81.2 | 79.9 | 82.8 |
| AAC Connect | 81.2 | 80.0 | 82.7 |
| AAC Synergy | 80.9 | 79.8 | 82.4 |
| CDC Copeland | 80.2 | 78.9 | 81.3 |
| CDC Goldstar | 81.1 | 80.7 | 81.6 |
| Bill Coors 100 | 81.4 | 81.0 | 81.7 |
| SY Stanza | 79.8 | 79.6 | 80.1 |
Graph data
| Variety | CDC Copeland | AAC Synergy | AAC Connect | CDC Fraser | CDC Churchill |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 67.0 | 73.1 | 72.3 | 68.6 | no data |
| 2020 | 74.3 | 82.9 | 85.8 | 83.8 | 76.4 |
| 2021 | 76.1 | 78.8 | 87.0 | 90.5 | no data |
| 2022 | 68.7 | 73.1 | 80.9 | 79.7 | 77.7 |
| 2023 | 64.6 | 69.9 | 70.1 | 75.0 | 71.5 |
| 2024 | 66.3 | 74.0 | 76.4 | 78.1 | 74.8 |
| 2025 | 65.9 | 74.0 | 82.6 | 74.6 | 76.9 |
Graph data
| Variety | Alpha Amylase | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| AAC Connect | 82.6 | 67.5 | 96.3 |
| CDC Churchill | 76.9 | 66.0 | 86.4 |
| CDC Fraser | 74.6 | 63.9 | 83.0 |
| AAC Synergy | 74.0 | 63.1 | 83.3 |
| CDC Copeland | 65.9 | 56.1 | 78.5 |
| CDC Goldstar | 90.5 | 89.8 | 90.9 |
| Bill Coors 100 | 74.7 | 60.8 | 88.6 |
| SY Stanza | 51.4 | 48.9 | 53.8 |
Graph data
| Variety | CDC Copeland | AAC Synergy | AAC Connect | CDC Fraser | CDC Churchill |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 163 | 161 | 166 | 165 | no data |
| 2020 | 157 | 163 | 172 | 174 | 146 |
| 2021 | 173 | 168 | 188 | 187 | no data |
| 2022 | 169 | 166 | 185 | 191 | 160 |
| 2023 | 168 | 169 | 182 | 184 | 151 |
| 2024 | 158 | 162 | 177 | 181 | 151 |
| 2025 | 162 | 165 | 175 | 186 | 149 |
Graph data
| Variety | Diastatic Power | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Fraser | 186 | 159 | 212 |
| AAC Connect | 175 | 154 | 220 |
| AAC Synergy | 165 | 136 | 195 |
| CDC Copeland | 162 | 148 | 195 |
| CDC Churchill | 149 | 124 | 182 |
| CDC Goldstar | 193 | 177 | 203 |
| Bill Coors 100 | 174 | 163 | 184 |
| SY Stanza | 171 | 162 | 181 |
Graph data
| Variety | CDC Copeland | AAC Synergy | AAC Connect | CDC Fraser | CDC Churchill |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 186 | 170 | 157 | 186 | no data |
| 2020 | 183 | 170 | 163 | 188 | 160 |
| 2021 | 221 | 191 | 177 | 229 | no data |
| 2022 | 209 | 191 | 185 | 211 | 190 |
| 2023 | 187 | 180 | 173 | 202 | 172 |
| 2024 | 193 | 181 | 176 | 206 | 174 |
| 2025 | 207 | 203 | 188 | 211 | 191 |
Graph data
| Variety | FAN | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Fraser | 211 | 191 | 231 |
| AAC Connect | 188 | 170 | 213 |
| AAC Synergy | 203 | 137 | 247 |
| CDC Copeland | 207 | 191 | 221 |
| CDC Churchill | 191 | 166 | 224 |
| CDC Goldstar | 204 | 193 | 209 |
| Bill Coors 100 | 228 | 218 | 237 |
| SY Stanza | 207 | 173 | 233 |
Graph data
| Variety | CDC Copeland | AAC Synergy | AAC Connect | CDC Fraser | CDC Churchill |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 11.7 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 10.7 | no data |
| 2020 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 11.0 |
| 2021 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 13.1 | 12.6 | no data |
| 2022 | 11.9 | 11.4 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.4 |
| 2023 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 11.2 |
| 2024 | 11.8 | 11.6 | 11.8 | 11.6 | 11.6 |
| 2025 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.8 | 11.2 | 11.0 |
Graph data
| Variety | Malt Protein | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| AAC Connect | 11.8 | 9.8 | 12.6 |
| CDC Copeland | 11.5 | 10.2 | 12.2 |
| AAC Synergy | 11.5 | 9.7 | 12.7 |
| CDC Fraser | 11.2 | 10.2 | 12.3 |
| CDC Churchill | 11.0 | 9.6 | 12.2 |
| CDC Goldstar | 11.8 | 11.4 | 12.3 |
| Bill Coors 100 | 11.0 | 10.3 | 11.6 |
| SY Stanza | 12.0 | 11.8 | 12.1 |
Graph data
| Variety | CDC Copeland | AAC Synergy | AAC Connect | CDC Fraser | CDC Churchill |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 109 | 107 | 108 | 99 | no data |
| 2020 | 84 | 67 | 79 | 67 | 85 |
| 2021 | 76 | 70 | 76 | 67 | no data |
| 2022 | 89 | 87 | 95 | 93 | 99 |
| 2023 | 57 | 53 | 57 | 49 | 58 |
| 2024 | 78 | 63 | 69 | 68 | 77 |
| 2025 | 72 | 47 | 60 | 54 | 58 |
Graph data
| Variety | BG | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
| CDC Copeland | 72 | 42 | 115 |
| AAC Connect | 60 | 36 | 116 |
| CDC Churchill | 58 | 36 | 116 |
| CDC Fraser | 54 | 35 | 87 |
| AAC Synergy | 47 | 35 | 126 |
| CDC Goldstar | 53 | 36 | 79 |
| Bill Coors 100 | 82 | 48 | 117 |
| SY Stanza | 75 | 57 | 84 |
Highlights of malting barley quality in 2025
- Warm and dry conditions early in the 2025 growing season, followed by timely rainfall in late May and early June, allowed for rapid seeding of barley and gave the crop an excellent start. Cooler than normal temperatures combined with near-average to above-average precipitation in July created ideal conditions during heading and grain filling, ultimately enhancing both the yield and quality of barley harvested this year.
- In 2025, barley grain quality indicators were notably strong. The average test weight was 67.9 kg/hL, well above the 2024 average of 64.7 kg/hL and the 10‑year average of 66.6 kg/hL. Similarly, the average 1000‑kernel weight of 48.1 g, was substantially higher than the 10‑year average of 45.6 g. Exceptional kernel plumpness in 2025 was associated with increased starch content, contributing to improved grain quality. In contrast, the average protein level was 11.8%, lower than both the 2024 average of 12.2% and the 10‑year average of 12.0%. This reflected a shift toward starch accumulation rather than protein concentration.
- Occasional rainfall in August across parts of the Prairies led to some pre‑harvest sprouting in the 2025 barley crop. Despite this, fall assessments showed excellent seed quality, with an average germination energy of 99% and a high germination index. The average germination energy for the 8 mL test was 90%, only slightly below the 2024 value of 95%. This highlights the crop’s strong viability and limited sensitivity to excess moisture.
- The combination of higher test weight, greater plumpness, and heavier kernels in the 2025 barley crop required slightly longer steeping to achieve full grain modification. This adjustment, however, produced well‑modified malt characterized by high friability and robust enzyme activity (diastatic power and α‑amylase), along with ample levels of soluble proteins and free amino nitrogen (FAN). In addition, wort derived from 2025 barley showed low β‑glucan concentrations and excellent viscosity values, demonstrating the superior malting quality of the crop.
- The larger, heavier and thicker kernels of the 2025 barley crop had a positive impact on malt extract levels. Malt produced from this barley delivered very high extract values, further confirming the outstanding malting quality of Canadian malting barley varieties in 2025.


































