Enhanced Fujita scale damage indicators and degrees of damage, chapter 23
Warehouse Buildings (WHB)
Typical Construction:
- This category includes all building systems except 'Metal Building Systems'
- Examples include warehouse, storage and industrial buildings
- Buildings are generally rectangular in plan with flat, gable or hip roofs
- Built-up roofs with gravel, single-ply membrane ballasted, mechanicall attached or fully adhered
- Light-frame steel construction with masonry bearing walls
- Large overhead doors
- Pre-cast concrete columns, beams and double tees with tilt-up wall panels
- Heavy timber construction with stud walls and wood panels
| DOD | Damage Description | EXP* | LB* | UB* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Threshold of visible damage | 110 | 90 | 135 |
| 2 | Loss of roofing material (up to 20%) | 135 | 110 | 170 |
| 3 | Inward or outward collapse of overhead doors | 140 | 120 | 170 |
| 4 | Uplift of roof deck; significant loss of roofing material (more than 20%); loss of rooftop HVAC equipment | 165 | 140 | 195 |
| 5 | Collapse of other non-bearing exterior walls | 185 | 150 | 205 |
| 6 | Collapse of pre-cast concrete tilt-up panels | 200 | 165 | 230 |
| 7 | Total destruction of a large section of building or entire building | 255 | 210 | 300 |
*All wind speeds in km/h