Enhanced Fujita scale damage indicators and degrees of damage, chapter 12
Large Isolated Retail Buildings (LIRB)
Typical Construction:
- Flat roof with BUR and gravel or single-ply membrane roof; generally has a 1-m parapet
- Open web joists and steel girders or joist girders supported by tall pipe columns
- Metal deck with rigid insulation or lightweight concrete fill slab
- Large windows on front side of building
- CMU walls, tilt-up concrete panels, metal stud walls covered with EIFS or combinations of these
| DOD | Damage Description | EXP* | LB* | UB* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Threshold of visible damage | 110 | 90 | 135 |
| 2 | Loss of roof covering (up to 20%) | 130 | 110 | 165 |
| 3 | Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material (more than 20%); loss of rooftop HVAC | 165 | 140 | 200 |
| 4 | Long roof spans collapsed downward | 195 | 165 | 230 |
| 5 | Uplift and removal of roof structure | 215 | 185 | 255 |
| 6 | Inward or outward collapse of exterior walls | 220 | 190 | 255 |
| 7 | Complete destruction of all or a large section of the building | 280 | 235 | 325 |
*All wind speeds in km/h