The Qualicum National Wildlife Area draft management plan proposed – 2025

About Environment and Climate Change Canada’s protected areas and management plans

What are Environment and Climate Change Canada protected areas

Environment and Climate Change Canada establishes marine and terrestrial National Wildlife Areas for the purposes of conservation, research, and interpretation. National Wildlife Areas are established to protect migratory birds, species at risk, and other wildlife and their habitats. National Wildlife Areas are established under the authority of the Canada Wildlife Act and are, first and foremost, places for wildlife. Migratory Bird Sanctuaries are established under the authority of the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994 and provide a refuge for migratory birds in the marine and terrestrial environment.

How has the federal government’s investment from Budget 2018 helped manage and expand Environment and Climate Change Canada’s National Wildlife Areas and Migratory Bird Sanctuaries

The Nature Legacy represents a historic investment over five years of $1.3 billion dollars that will help Environment and Climate Change Canada expand its national wildlife areas and migratory bird sanctuaries, pursue its biodiversity conservation objectives, and increase its capacity to manage its protected areas.

According to the Budget 2018, Environment and Climate Change Canada will be conserving more areas, and have more resources to effectively manage and monitor the habitats and species found inside its protected areas.

What is the size of the Environment and Climate Change Canada protected areas network

The current Protected Areas Network consists of 64 National Wildlife Areas and 92 Migratory Bird Sanctuaries, comprising more than 15 million hectares across Canada.

What is a management plan

A management plan provides the framework in which management decisions are made. It is intended to be used by Environment and Climate Change Canada staff to guide decision making on the monitoring of wildlife and enhancement to its habitat, the enforcement of regulations, the maintenance of facilities, and permitting. Management is undertaken in order to maintain the ecological integrity of the protected area and to maintain the attributes for which the protected area was established. Environment and Climate Change Canada prepares a management plan for each protected area in consultation with Indigenous Peoples, the public and other stakeholders.

A management plan specifies activities that are allowed and identifies other activities that may be undertaken under the authority of a permit. It may also describe the necessary improvements needed in the habitat and specify where and when these improvements should be made. A management plan identifies Aboriginal rights and allowable practices specified under land claims agreements. Further, measures carried out for the conservation of wildlife must not be inconsistent with any law respecting wildlife in the province in which the protected area is situated.

What is protected area management

Management includes monitoring wildlife, maintaining and improving wildlife habitat, periodic inspections, enforcement of regulations, as well as the maintenance of facilities and infrastructure. Research is also an important activity in protected areas; hence, Environment and Climate Change Canada staff carries out or coordinates research in some sites.

The series

All of the National Wildlife Areas are to have a management plan. The management plans should be initially reviewed 5 years after the approval of the first plan, and every 10 years thereafter.

To learn more

To learn more about Environment and Climate Change Canada’s protected areas, please visit our website at National wildlife areas or contact the Canadian Wildlife Service in Ottawa.

The Qualicum National Wildlife Area

The Qualicum National Wildlife Area (NWA) is situated on a physiographic feature known as the Nanaimo Lowlands, a 580 km² strip of land on the East Coast of Vancouver Island. Located between the Vancouver Island Ranges to the west and the Strait of Georgia to the east, the NWA is part of an area that supports millions of migratory and overwintering birds from North and South America and Asia. It is able to maintain and enhance the area’s capacity to provide wintering and migration habitat for migratory birds. The mild, maritime climate, high year-round productivity and large bird populations make the area one of the most important migratory bird habitats in Canada. The NWA is of international importance, and it overlaps with the Little Qualicum to Nanoose Bay and K’ómoks Important Bird Areas (IBA), as well as the Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Reserve (MABR).

The NWA was established between 1973 and 1979 and it protects approximately 82 hectares of important wildlife habitat. The NWA contains three units which consist of estuary and upland habitat. Estuaries are some of the most productive habitats in the world and those within the NWA have benefited from limited human access and use, thereby retaining the value of the habitats for wildlife.

The upland habitat is composed of riparian habitat, mature second growth mixed forest, old field habitat, and wetlands. Together the three units protect rare ecosystems and provide habitat for a variety of fauna and flora and species at risk. The NWA provides staging habitat for migratory waterfowl such as Brant (Branta bernicla) and wintering habitat for the Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator) and large flocks of shorebirds. Thirteen federally listed species at risk have been observed on the NWA. The NWA also provides year-round habitat for species at risk, including Great Blue Heron fannini subspecies, Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus), Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora) and Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas). To protect these habitats, all activities not explicitly permitted within the NWA are prohibited unless otherwise posted as permissible.

For greater certainty, nothing in this management plan shall be construed so as to abrogate or derogate from the protection provided for existing aboriginal or treaty rights of the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada by the recognition and affirmation of those rights in Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.

Description of the protected area

The Qualicum National Wildlife Area (NWA) in British Columbia (BC) consists of three distinct units on east-central Vancouver Island (Canadian Wildlife Service, 1986).

The three units are as follows: the Rosewall Creek Unit (RCU), the Marshall-Stevenson unit (MSU) and Nanoose Bay Unit (NBU) (Figure 1). The NWA consists of estuarine marsh habitat at the Little Qualicum River estuary and the Bonell and Nanoose Creek estuaries, as well as uplands adjacent to a spring-fed lagoon associated with the Rosewall Creek estuary. The estuaries associated with the NWA are small, drowned river valleys – typical of most west coast estuaries and a result of retreating and melting glaciers. The lagoon estuarine system at the RCU is a consequence of relatively flat topographical features and low freshwater flows, while a spit created by longshore currents has shaped the bar-built estuarine system at the MSU (cf. Emmett et al. 2000).

Estuarine marshes buffer against the impact of storms by stabilizing shorelines, dampening wave action, and filtering nutrients and pollutants. In recent years, they have gained recognition for their role as sediment traps and carbon sinks (cf. Campbell 2010). In addition, one of the most important roles of estuaries is as an indicator of environmental change. Their links to other ecosystems and the feedback dynamics of physical and biological processes make them vulnerable to cumulative natural and anthropogenic impacts (D’Alpaos 2011). At the same time, estuaries are accustomed to variability; they are capable of rapid recovery from disturbance events (Costanza et al. 1993) and are resilient to change.

The NWA is part of the Coastal Douglas fir moist maritime (CDFmm) subzone and the Coastal Western Hemlock very dry maritime variant (CWHxm1) (Krajina 1969). Many plants in this zone are at the northern extent of their ranges, primarily due to climate factors. The dominant tree species is Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), a species with a high tolerance for summer drought (Ward et al. 1998). Many rare ecological communities and ecosystems are protected within the NWA.

Qualicum National Wildlife Area summary information

Protected area designation: National Wildlife Area

Province or territory: British Columbia

Latitude and longitude RCU: 49°27’37.92 N 124°46’50.81 W

Latitude and longitude MSU: 49°21’54.59 N 124°29’17.92 W

Latitude and longitude NBU: 49°15’59.43 N 124°11’37.45 W

Total size (ha): 85.65

Size (ha) of RCU: 21.34 (22 ha pending addition of The Nature Trust property)

Size (ha) of MSU: 36.27

Size (ha) of NBU: 28.04

Protected area designation criteria: Historic: protection of critical wintering and staging habitat for migratory birds. Current: 1(c) - The area possesses a high research potential for restoration or enhancement, such that migratory birds could be increased to meet national population targets

Protected area classification system: Category A - High critical habitat conservation, and Category B - High site connectivity (Protected Areas Manual Policy on the Establishment and Management of Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) Protected Areas, p. A8-1, 2005)

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classification: Category Ia Strict Nature Preserve

Order-in-Council Number: 1977-2958; amending OICs 1978-1439, 1979-1204

Directory of Federal Real Property (DFRP) number: Marshall-Stevenson unit: Property 67564

Nanoose Bay unit: Property 67571

Rosewall Creek unit: Property 67574

Gazetted: 1977

Additional Designations: Part of Little Qualicum to Nanoose Bay and K’ómoks Important Bird Areas (IBAs) and Mount Arrowsmith Part of the Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Reserve (MABR)

Faunistic and Floristic Importance: Protects rare ecosystems at risk of extinction (Coastal Douglas-fir, Coastal Western Hemlock very dry maritime), and important habitat for wintering waterfowl and juvenile salmonids

Invasive species: Estuarine: Yellow flag-iris; Riparian: Scotch broom, English holly, Daphne (Spurge-laurel), Himalayan blackberry, agricultural grasses, and others

Species at Risk: 18 listed on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act, 10 COSEWIC assessed and additionally 24 provincially red or blue-listed

Management agency: ECCC, Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) in partnership with Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC), Nature Trust of British Columbia (NTBC), and Vancouver Island Conservation Land Management Program (VICLMP)

Public Access and Use: Limited, with permission only for research and scientific studies, nature interpretation and habitat restoration

Figure 1. The location of the Qualicum National Wildlife Area

Regional context

The Qualicum NWA is located in a physiographic region known as the Nanaimo Lowlands Ecosection, part of the Georgia Depression Ecoprovince (Demarchi 2011). The Nanaimo Lowlands Ecosection is a coastal plain that extends from the shores of the Salish Sea west towards the Beaufort Range, a subrange of the Vancouver Island Ranges. When the kilometer-thick glaciers retreated from the area after the last Ice Age (ca. 7-15,000 years ago), they left a layer of unconsolidated fluvial, glacio-fluvial and glacio-marine deposits, and a landscape that is still rebounding 0.2 to 0.25 mm per year from the weight of the glaciers (Bomhold 2008; MABR 1998).

Estuarine ecosystems are linked physically and functionally to terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, and therefore are particularly vulnerable to cumulative and synergistic effects arising from natural and human disturbances in these habitats. However, in contrast to many other coastal estuaries, the Qualicum NWA has benefited from limited human access and use, allowing wildlife and plant species that are sensitive to human disturbance to thrive.

The Qualicum NWA is within the Traditional Territories of the Snuneymuxw First nation, the Qualicum First Nation, the Ko’moks First Nation and the Nanoose (Snaw-naw-as) First Nation.

The Qualicum NWA consists of the following three distinct administrative units:

Rosewall Creek Unit: this unit is located along the southern end of Mud Bay between the communities of Deep Bay and Fanny Bay, 35 km southwest of the City of Courtenay (Figure 2). The unit encompasses 21.34 ha (22 ha pending the addition of a fifth parcel) of mixed, mature second-growth coniferous and deciduous forest ecosystems above a sheltered, shallow, spring-fed lagoon and along Rosewall Creek. Springs flow into the lagoon along the entire hillside, and additional freshwater flows down an old creek channel (J. Newman, pers. comm., December 18, 2013). The shoreline adjacent to the RCU is part of Baynes Sound, which is the largest and most productive shellfish growing area in BC.

Figure 2. Rosewall Creek Unit

Marshall-Stevenson Unit: this unit encompasses a highly productive estuarine marsh, a riparian habitat along the Little Qualicum River, a mature second growth mixed forest, an old field habitat, and the quiet homestead of one of the area’s earliest European settlers (Figure 3). The MSU encompasses 35.27 ha of brackish marsh sheltered by a sand and gravel spit, and lays perpendicular to the river, protected from the currents and waves that shape many other coastal estuaries. Hand-built dykes, a breached old road, agricultural fields, old buildings and orchards have long functioned as wildlife habitat.

Figure 3. Marshall Stevenson Unit

Nanoose Bay Unit: the 28.04 ha of this unit include the salt marshes associated with Nanoose and Bonell Creeks (Figure 4). It lies at the head of Nanoose Harbour adjacent to the rural community of Nanoose Bay. The creeks are small with low flows; Bonell Creek runs dry in the summer. Above the salt marsh, an enhanced reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) wetland is bound by a dyke and water control structure. Intermixed in the area are higher elevation islands of mostly deciduous trees and shrubs.

Figure 4. Nanoose Bay Unit

Average temperatures in the NWA range from 1°C to 23°C (WeatherSpark n.d.). The RCU is the most northerly of the units and the wettest. At the Mud Bay Climate Station near the RCU, the average total annual precipitation for the 1971 to 2000 Climate Normal Period was 1704.9 mm (Regional District of Nanaimo (RDN) 2013a). The average total annual precipitation was 1098.5 mm at the Little Qualicum hatchery near the MSU (RDN 2013a). The area is said to have one of the mildest climates in Canada, yet it experiences regular wind and rainstorms, seasonal droughts, winter flooding and storm surges (MABR 1998).

The MSU and NBU are “core” protected areas within the 118,492 ha Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Reserve (MABR). These units are also part of the Little Qualicum to Nanoose Bay Important Bird Area (IBA BC056). The RCU is part of the K’ómoks IBA (IBA BC272). These IBAs are globally significant for having concentrations of colonial waterbirds/seabirds, and nationally significant for having threatened species (IBA Canada 2012a,b). Neither the biosphere reserve nor the IBA designation confers any legal protection. Other conservation areas surrounding the NWA are presented in figures 5, 6 and 7.

Figure 5. Rosewall Creek Unit with conservation complex

Figure 6. Marshall-Stevenson Unit with conservation complex

Figure 7. Nanoose Bay Unit with conservation complex

Historical background

The three units of the Qualicum NWA were established to protect critical wintering and staging habitat for migratory birds. Forty years of management as a NWA were preceded by thousands of years of management by Aboriginal Peoples. This history has fostered a lasting legacy of conservation. Settlement patterns revolved around resource needs, and the uplands of estuaries were known to be seasonal gathering sites (Deur and Turner 2005). Some of the most important traditional practices of Indigenous Peoples centered around estuaries. Fish weirs and traps were constructed to capture salmon. Shellfish were harvested, and some clam beds tended as gardens (Deur, 2005; Deur and Turner 2005).

The NWA was once occupied by ancestors of the present-day Kwagiulth (or Kwakwaka’wakw) and Coast Salish cultural groups. Other groups, such as the Nuu-chah-nulth, were known to visit the area (Recalma-Clutesi 1992). The RCU is within the traditional territories of the Qualicum First Nation, Laich-Kwil-tach Treaty Society (We Wai Kai, Wei Wai Kum and Kwiakah First Nations), and K’ómoks First Nation. The traditional territories of the Qualicum First Nation, Laich-Kwil-tach Treaty Society, K’ómoks First Nation, and the Hul’qumi’num Treaty Group (Cowichan Tribes; Chemainus, Penelakut, Lyackson, Halalt, and Lake Cowichan First Nations) include the MSU. The NBU is within the traditional territories of the Te’mexw Treaty Assocation, which includes the Snaw-naw-as (Nanoose) First Nation; and the Hul’qumi’num Treaty Group (Clermont, 2011).

Beginning in the late 1800s, settlers used the estuaries of east-central Vancouver Island for fishing, forestry and agriculture. Canneries and salteries for herring (Clupea pallasii), Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and oysters (Magallana gigas) developed along the coast through the 1920s. From 1917 to 1931, a large fleet of steamships shipped lumber around the world in concert with logging operations at Deep Bay. By 1969, the Rosewall Logging Co. was removing 6-7 million board feet of logs annually. At the MSU, the low marsh area was a log booming ground from around 1930 to the early 1950s. A sawmill operated on the spit between 1947 and 1950 (Dawe and White 1982). Nanoose Harbour near the NBU was once the economic and industrial centre for the region (Elliot 1983).

After 1901, the MSU land was used to raise large numbers of cattle, sheep and chickens. Around 1910, The Kinkade family raised cattle and supplied fish oil for machinery on the MSU lands (Kinkade 1946). In 1950, the farm was sold and subdivided (Nichollset al. 1958).

Acquisitions for the RCU occurred from 1973 to 1979 to complement federal holdings surrounding the lagoon in Mud Bay. Inventory data were collected in the mid to late 1970s, but analysis remains incomplete (Prentice and Dawe 1975-77, 1989; N. Dawe, pers. comm., December 2013). The parcel of land which is now the MSU was donated to the Government of Canada by Mr. and Mrs. Sherwood Marshall in 1974 (CWS 1977). The NBU was acquired by The Nature Trust of British Columbia (NTBC) in 1976 and leased to ECCC-CWS in 1978.

On the recommendation of ECCC-CWS, a map reserve over the foreshore lot encompassing the lower Little Qualicum River estuary was created by the Province in 1982, and later became part of the Parksville-Qualicum Beach Wildlife Management Area (PQWMA) in 1993. Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC) involvement began in 1983, when ECCC-CWS became interested in creating conditions where freshwater could be impounded adjacent to estuarine habitats (D. Buffett, pers. comm., January 9, 2013). From 1973 through 2006, ECCC-CWS staff and contractors actively managed all three units of the NWA (Dawe 1976, 1980; Dawe and Buechert 1995; Dawe and Lang 1980; Dawe and White, 1982; Kennedy 1978; Prentice and Dawe 1975-77; Prentice and Dawe 1989).

Land ownership

The RCU is comprised of four upland parcels totaling 21.34 ha. An additional 0.5 ha parcel owned by NTBC is to be included in the RCU once a pending 99-year lease agreement has been executed with ECCC-CWS. The RCU includes a narrow 1.06 ha strip of land bounded on its northeastern boundary by Berray Road and on its west by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) lands. A portion of Rosewall Creek flows through this property, and there is a conservation covenant on title registered to the Province of BC further protecting riparian values along Rosewall Creek.

The surface rights for the lands in the MSU rest with His Majesty the King in right of Canada. The subsurface mineral rights are held by the provincial Crown for all parcels. The Regional District of Nanaimo supplies well water from the MSU to residential properties along Surfside Drive and part of McFeely Drive, and collects fees from users through a metering system and local taxes. A 5-year access agreement between ECCC-CWS and the RDN enables the RDN to enter the MSU to manage this water system. There is an easement for a waterline and a hydro transmission line right of way on the MSU property.

The NBU is owned by NTBC and was leased to ECCC-CWS in 1978 for a term of 99 years. DUC has an agreement with NTBC and ECCC-CWS wherein DUC maintains the integrity of the water control structure and perimeter berms they installed in 1983, while the ECCC-CWS is responsible for public use and habitat management. 

Facilities and infrastructure

The bulk of the infrastructure in the Qualicum NWA occurs in the MSU (Table 1). The main roadway from the Island Highway gate to the office and barn is 468 m in length. The Kinkade farmhouse and the large barn are historical buildings that are in use via agreement with the Nature Trust of BC and the Guardians of Our Salish Estuaries. There is one other outbuilding near the barn. These structures are managed by the Property Management Division of ECCC-CWS. Trails within the MSU are used regularly by local residents or by fishermen along the Little Qualicum River. The old road, now trail, begins at a signed, wooden gate with a pedestrian pass through, and runs 470 m to the river. This trail loops back along the river for an additional 450 m. In 2012, a new water control structure was installed to protect marsh habitat, replacing the old flap-gate culvert leading into the freshwater marsh in the northeast corner of the MSU. RDN staff enter the MSU to monitor their well site and water usage. The footprint of the RDN well site is 262 m² and the waterline runs approximately 300 m along an easement through the MSU to Surfside Drive residents.

The aboveground BC Hydro Transmission Line runs along a series of wooden poles for 357 m, servicing the RDN well site and the office. A 26 m line running to one pole near the site of the old Bush House is no longer in service. At the end of Surfside Drive is a 30 m x 30 m parking lot and beach access to the Parksville Qualicum Wildlife Management Area. Mid-way along the roadway of Surfside Drive there is a modern bench and signage. Fencing runs from the Marshall residence and Little Qualicum River Estuary Regional Conservation Area (LQRERCA) at the northwest corner of the MSU to the corner of McFeely Drive and Kinkade Road.

Infrastructure on the RCU consists of approximately 40 m of road and bridge from Berray Road over Rosewall Creek leading to the DFO property (Table 2). On the RCU, there is one parking area in the NTBC lands accessed off Curran Road.

At the NBU, there is a DUC managed water control structure, a weir and 340 m perimeter berm along Nanoose Creek (Table 2). The berm helps contain freshwater in the engineered wetland. The NBU is fenced for 450 m along its entire west side along Northwest Bay Road.

Table 1. Facilities and infrastructure in the Qualicum National Wildlife Area

Unit	Type of facility of infrastructure	Approximate Size	Responsibility holder or owner
RCU	Road and bridge	40 m	ECCC-CWS/DFO
RCU	Parking area, Curran Road	8 m x 30 m	NTBC
RCU	Sign near parking area	0.3 m x 0.45 m	NTBC
RCU	Bench by sign	0.4 m x 1.2 m	NTBC
MSU	Kinkade House (office)	90 m perimeter	ECCC-Real Property MD – Corporate Services and Finance Branch
MSU	Barn (storage)	122 m perimeter	ECCC-Real Property MD– Corporate Services and Finance Branch
MSU	Main parking area	10 m x 20 m	ECCC-CWS
MSU	Water control structure	2 m x 2 m	ECCC-CWS
MSU	Entrance gate	1.3 m x 5 m	ECCC-CWS
MSU	Road from hwy to buildings	468 m	ECCC-CWS
MSU	Dyke protecting barn	146 m	ECCC-CWS
MSU	Well site	262 m2	RDN/ECCC-CWS
MSU	Water line	300 m	RDN
MSU	Gate along river	not measured	ECCC-CWS
MSU	Transmission line	357 m	BC Hydro
MSU	Wooden fence along Surfside Drive/McFeely Drive	684 m	ECCC-CWS
MSU	Signs	1 m x 1.5 m	ECCC-CWS
NBU	Berm/dyke	340 m	DUC
NBU	Water control structure	1 m x 1 m	DUC
NBU	Wooden farm gate, Northwest Bay Road	not measured	ECCC-CWS
NBU	Road fill	295 m2	ECCC-CWS
NBU	Road from gate to berm/dyke	327 m	ECCC-CWS
NBU	Wooden fence along Northwest Bay Road	450 m	ECCC-CWS
NBU	Metal page wire fence	317 m	Pentecostal Church/ECCC-CWS
NBU	Farm page wire fence	200 m	Sea Meadow Farm/ECCC-CWS
NBU	Signs	0.3 m x 0.45 m	ECCC-CWS

Ecological resources

Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

Although the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the NWA are all associated with estuaries, they differ substantially from unit to unit. The upland ecosystems in the NWA are also relatively diverse. Climate and hydrology have been the main influences on the geography of the area and have shaped the NWA’s ecosystems. In the rain shadow of the mountains, east-central Vancouver Island climate is characterized by mild, moist winters and mild, dry summers (Moore et al. 2010). General ecosystem community types are provided in Table 2 and described in further detail below.

Table 2. Broad ecosystem types within the Qualicum National Wildlife Area by percentage

Ecosystem Types	Marshall Stevenson Unit	Nanoose Bay Unit	Rosewall Creek Unit
Forest – Coniferous*	42.76	21.82	83.01
Meadow / Cultivated Field	19.42	19.43	0
Shrubby Riparian	6.11	7.33	13.05
Riverine	0.00	10.25	3.94
Saltmarsh	25.42	22.01	0
Mudflat	5.50	18.67	0
Urban	0.79	0.49	0

^* Forests in the Qualicum National Wildlife Area are primarily dominant in Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and/or Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

The MSU’s uplands include maturing Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests and old field habitats, most of which exhibit a novel mix of native forbs and exotic grasses. The area has 14 plant communities containing 78 species on the Little Qualicum River estuary (Kennedy 1982), 21 habitat types (Jones 1979) and 9 named and mapped vascular plant communities with 51 species (Dawe and White 1982) (Table 3)

Freshwater marsh and remnant upland habitats characterize the NBU. Salt-tolerant vegetation predominates, particularly in the lower estuary and near Bonell Creek, which is frequently dry in the summer (Kennedy 1982). Conditions that are more brackish occur near Nanoose Creek, where Carex lyngbyei is found. Diking and agriculture have altered drainage patterns in the NBU. Forage crops, hayfields, and a wetland dominated by Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) have displaced natural backshore plant communities. Dawe and White (1986) mapped eight plant communities and 49 species in the NBU (Table 3).

Table 3. Plant communities at the Qualicum National Wildlife Area (Dawe and White 1982, Dawe and White 1986)

Plant Community	Elevation (m) ACDa	Soil Type	Soil Texture	Unitb
Sea Milkwort (Glaux) – pioneer	3.20	Orthic Regosol	Gravel-sand	MS
Beaked Ditch-grass (Ruppia) - aquatic	3.54	Rego Gleysol	Silt	MS
Sedge (Carex) - channel edge	3.95 to 4.23	Rego Gleysol	Peat to organic muck	MS, NB
Buttercup (Ranunculus) - low pasture	4.06	Rego Gleysol	Clay-loam	MS
Sedge - Bentgrass (Carex - Agrostis) – slope	4.19	Rego Gleysol	Peat	MS
Buttercup - Rush (Ranunculus - Juncus) high pasture	4.39	Rego Gleysol	Clay-loam	MS
Tufted Hairgrass (Deschampsia)- flats	4.44	Rego Gleysol	Peat	MS
Rush (Juncus) - high marsh	4.78, 4.65 to 4.88	Rego and Orthic humic gleysol	Loam to clay-loam Clay to clay-loam	MS, NB
Rose (Rosa) - gravel bar	5.12, and on fluvial and marine gravel deposits	Orthic Regosol	Loam Sand-gravel	MS, NB
Salicornia - pioneer	2.79 to 3.82	Orthic-Regosol	Sand-gravel	NB
Ruppia - aquatic	in tidal channels	Rego Gleysol	Silt	NB
Carex/Distichlis - flats	4.42 to 4.67	Rego Gleysol	Peat	NB
Agropyron - high grass	4.85 to 5.26	Rego, Orthic, and orthic humic gleysols	Silt to clay-loam	NB

^a Above Chart Datum
^b Rosewall Creek Unit plant community data unavailable

The RCU has forest ecosystems that vary greatly over short distances due to elevation and moisture gradients. These forests range from relatively open, dry Douglas fir forests to Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata) and Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)-dominated forests with frequent seepage areas, willow thickets, and dense understories of Devil’s Club (Oplopanax horridus) or horsetail (Equisetum spp.).

Furthermore, the NWA includes 36 ecological communities provincially designated as at risk. These are listed in Appendix A (Table A1). A few plant species associated with Garry Oak ecosystems were observed in the NWA, such as Blue Camas (Camassia quamash) Checker Lily (Fritillaria affinis). Although unlikely, the NWA has some potential to support maritime meadow and vernal pool communities, as well as one or more of the many species at risk associated with them.

Wildlife species

The estuarine and coastal ecosystems of the NWA provide unique habitat complex that supports large populations of migratory birds, mammal, reptile, amphibian, invertebrate and coastal fish populations. The British Columbia Conservation Data Centre (2006) estimates that 80% of coastal wildlife in British Columbia use estuaries at one point or another.

Mammals

Upland ecosystems of the NWA support a wide variety of mammal species including Beaver (Castor canadensis), Black-tailed Deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), American Mink (Neovison vison), River Otter (Lontra canadensis), Black Bear (Ursus americanus), and Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) (Barz and Hall 2008). Overgrown old-field meadows (that is areas previously used for agricultural and grazing) provide excellent habitat for small mammals such as the Townsend Vole (Microtus townsendii) which are important prey for raptors and birds of prey. In the MSU, bats, such as the Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus), have been observed to be abundant and actively foraging along the forest edge, fields and estuarine flats during the summer (Barz and Hall 2008, Dawe 1976).

The foreshore and marine sections of the NWA provide supporting habitat for some marine mammals. Historical sightings just offshore and in the river mouth in the MSU include Killer Whale (Orcinus orea), Harbour Porpoise (Phocaena phocaena), Northern Sea-Lion (Eumetipias jubata) and Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina) (Dawe 1976). A sighting of Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) was also made from the MSU (Barz and Hall 2008).

Birds

The NWA estuarine and upland habitats provide important habitat for overwintering waterbirds, and its location midway along the Pacific Flyway suggests that it is also important for staging, breeding and molting for a large diversity of migrants (Dawe 1976; Dawe and Lang 1980; Austin et al. 2008; Crewe et al. 2012). For example, from Between 1975 and 1979, more than 37,000 birds, representing 173 species, used the MSU complex (Dawe and Buechert 1995).

Many of the species common to the Qualicum NWA have shown a recovering or increasing long-term population trend, while others are in a relatively stable state or in decline (NABCIC 2019). For example, waterfowl and birds of prey populations have largely increased since the 1970s, largely as a result of conservation projects, cooperative stewardship, and the banning of harmful pesticides. Waterfowl and waterbird species common to the NWA include Common Loon (Gavia immer), Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus), Brant (Branta bernicla), Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) (Dawe 1976). Other common species are Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator), Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), American Wigeon (Mareca americana), and Green-winged Teal (Anas carolinensis) (Barz and Hall 2008). Birds of prey are less common in the MBU and NBU; sightings include Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura), Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii), Red-Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) and Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) (Dawe 1976; Dawe and Lang 1980).

Conversely, shorebird species in Canada have declined by 40%. These declines are largely attributed to coastal development and disturbance, which reduces the available breeding, migration and wintering habitat (NABCIC 2019). Shorebird species observed to use the NBU and MBU tidal flats and foreshore habitats during migration include Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri), and Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleucsus) (Dawe and Lang 1980). Major concentrations of diving ducks (18,000+) and gulls (53,000+) ocean at both NBU and MSU in March and April during the herring spawning season (Barz and Hall 2008).

Grassland birds have experienced significant declines across Canada (NABCIC 2019). Some of the high-quality old-field meadow habitats in NBU and MSU support Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor), American Pipit (Anthus rubescens), and Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis). Riparian areas and shrub lands adjacent to meadows and streams support a high diversity of bird species including Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica).

Fish

Although the NWA was established for the conservation of migratory birds and their habitat, the stream and estuaries in the area are also very valuable to salmonids. There is approximately 4 -4.3 km of available stream habitat in Rosewall Creek, 9.5 km in the Little Qualicum River, 5 km in Nanoose Creek, and 4.8 km in Bonell Creek (Braybrook, et al. 1995; D. Clough, pers. comm., January 21, 2014; FHIIP 1991; Kapahi 1983; Lill 2002).

Rosewall Creek contains Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Chum (O. keta) and Pink Salmon (Onchorynchus O. gorbuscha), Steelhead (O. mykiss irideus), and Cutthroat Trout (O. clarkia) (Clough 1997). The Little Qualicum River supports all species of Pacific salmon, Steelhead (O. mykiss irideus) and Cutthroat Trout (O. clarkia). The Little Qualicum River also supports Dolly Varden char as well as rainbow and brown trout (Cummings 2020). Finally, Nanoose Creek has been a valuable producer of Cutthroat (O. clarkia) and Steelhead Trout (O. mykiss irideus), as well as Coho (O. kisutch), and Chum Salmon (O. keta) (Cook and Baldwin 1994). The run of Chum Salmon (O. keta) back to the artificial spawning channels maintained by Fisheries and Oceans Canada can exceed 50,000 fish (Barz and Hall 2008).

Reptiles and amphibians

A contemporary survey of amphibians and reptiles in the NWA is warranted. Historical records indicate that the NBU and MSU units contained evidence of Pacific Tree Frog (Pseudacris regilla), Pacific Newts (Taricha spp.), Northwestern Salamander (Ambystoma gracile), Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora), Northwestern Gartersnake (Thamnophis ordinoides), Wandering Gartersnake (Thamnophis elegans vagrans), and Red-sided Gartersnake (Thamnophis sirtalis) (Dawe 1976; Dawe and Lang 1980). The NWA provides critical habitat for SARA-listed amphibian and reptile species (Table 5). Populations of Wandering Salamander (Aneides vagrans), Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreus), and Northern Red-Legged Frog (Rana aurora) have been confirmed in the NWA. The NWA is also potential habitat for the SARA-listed Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea).

Invertebrates

Invertebrates are a keystone component of ecosystems as they play a key role in soil development, decomposition, plant growth and ecosystem health. Terrestrial invertebrates are a major component of ecosystem biodiversity, complexity, resiliency, and stability. Intertidal invertebrates (for example bivalves, worms, barnacles, snails, crabs, limpets, sponges, arthropods) are a critical component of the estuarine ecosystem as they provide a substantial food source to fish and wildlife species and can be used as an indicator of contamination (Heerartz et al. 2016). A high historical invertebrate species diversity was recorded in NBU and MSU including a sponge, coelenterates, mollusks, segmented worms, annelids, and arthropods (Dawe 1976; Dawe and Lang 1980).

Species at risk

Species at risk (SAR) that have been observed or have the potential to occur within the Qualicum NWA are in tables 4 through 9. See appendix A for detailed information about SAR listed in the table.

Table 4. Species at risk: Vascular plants

Common and scientific names of species	Canada: SARAa	Canada: COSEWICKb	British Columbia Provincial rankingc	Presence or potential of presenced
Henderson’s Checker-mallow Sidalcea hendersonii	n/a	n/a	Red	Confirmed
Howell’s Violet Viola howellii	n/a	n/a	Red	Confirmed

Table 5. Species at risk: Amphibians

Common and scientific names of species	Canada: SARAa	Canada: COSEWICKb	British Columbia Provincial rankingc	Presence or potential of presenced
Northern Red-legged Frog Rana aurora	Special Concern	Special Concern	Blue	Confirmed
Wandering Salamander Aneides vagrans	Special Concern	Special Concern	Blue	Confirmed
Western Toad Anaxyrus boreas	Special Concern	Special Concern	Yellow	Confirmed

Table 6. Species at risk: Birds

Common and scientific names of species	Canada: SARAa	Canada: COSEWICKb	British Columbia Provincial rankingc	Presence or potential of presenced
Band-tailed Pigeon Patagioenas fasciata	Special Concern	Special Concern	Blue	Confirmed
Barn Owl Tyto alba	Threatened	Threatened	Blue	Confirmed
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica	Threatened	Threatened	Yellow	Confirmed
Brant Branta bernicla	n/a	n/a	Blue	Confirmed
Caspian Tern Hydropogne caspia	n/a	Not at Risk	Blue	Confirmed
Common Murre Uria aalge	n/a	n/a	Red	Confirmed
Common Nighthawk Chordelles minor	Special Concern	Special Concern	Blue	Confirmed
Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus	n/a	Not at Risk	Blue	Confirmed
Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus	Special Concern	Special Concern	Yellow	Potential
Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias fannini	Special Concern	n/a	Blue	Confirmed
Green Heron Butorides virescens	n/a	n/a	Blue	Confirmed
Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus	n/a	Not at Risk	Blue	Confirmed
Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus	Threatened	Threatened	Blue	Confirmed
Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis laingi	Threatened	Threatened	Red	Confirmed
Northern PygmyOwl Glaucidium gnoma swarthi	n/a	n/a	Blue	Potential
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi	Special Concern	Special Concern	Yellow	Confirmed
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus anatum	n/a	n/a	Red	Confirmed
Purple Martin Progne subis	n/a	n/a	Blue	Potential
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus	Special Concern	Threatened	Blue	Confirmed
Yellow-billed Loon Gavia adamsii	n/a	Not at Risk	Blue	Confirmed
Western Bluebird (Georgia Depression population) Sialia mexicana	n/a	n/a	Yellow	Confirmed
Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis	Special Concern	Special Concern	Red	Confirmed
Western Meadowlark (Georgia Depression population) Sturnella neglecta	n/a	n/a	Yellow	Confirmed
Western Screech-owl Megascops kennicottii kennicottii	Threatened	Threatened	Blue	Confirmed

Table 7. Species at risk: Mammals

Common and scientific names of species	Canada: SARAa	Canada: COSEWICKb	British Columbia Provincial rankingc	Presence or potential of presenced
American Water Shrew Sorex palustris brooksi	n/a	n/a	Blue	Probable
Keen’s long-eared Myotis keenii	n/a	Data Deficient	Yellow	Probable
Townsend’s Big-eared Bat Corynorhinus townsendii	n/a	n/a	Blue	Probable

Table 8. Species at risk: Invertebrates

Common and scientific names of species	Canada: SARAa	Canada: COSEWICKb	British Columbia Provincial rankingc	Presence or potential of presenced
Autumn Meadowhawk Sympetrum vicinum	n/a	n/a	Blue	Potential
Black Gloss Zonitoides nitidus	n/a	n/a	Yellow	Potential
Blue Dasher Pachydiplax longipennis	n/a	n/a	Yellow	Potential
Broadwhorl Tightcoil Pristiloma johnsoni	n/a	n/a	Blue	Potential
Common Wood-nymph Cercyonis pegala incana	n/a	n/a	Red	Confirmed
Common Ringlet Coenonympha tullia insulana	n/a	n/a	Red	Potential
Dun Skipper Euphyes vestris	Threatened	Threatened	Blue	Potential
Taylor’s (Edith’s) Checkerspot Euphydryas editha taylori	Endangered	Endangered	Red	Potential
Evening Fieldslug Deroceras hesperium	n/a	Data Deficient	Red	Potential
Monarch Danaus plexippus	Endangered	Endangered	Red	Potential
Olympia Oyster Ostrea conchaphila	Special Concern	Special Concern	Blue	Probable
Pacific Sideband Monadenia fidelis	n/a	n/a	Yellow	Potential
Scarletback Taildropper Prophysaon vanattae	n/a	n/a	Yellow	Potential
Umbilicate Sprite Promenetus umbilicatellus	n/a	n/a	Blue	Potential
Threaded Vertigo Nearctula sp. 1	Special Concern	Special Concern	Blue	Potential
Warty Jumping Slug Hemphillia glandulosa	Special Concern	Special Concern	Blue	Potential
Western Branded Skipper Hesperia colorado oregonia	Endangered	Endangered	Red	Potential
Western Pine Elfin Callophrys eryphon sheltonensis	n/a	n/a	Reds	Potential
Western Pondhawk Erythemis collocata	n/a	n/a	Yellow	Potential
Western Thorn Carychium occidentale	n/a	n/a	Blue	Potential
Zerene Fritillary Speyeria zerene bremnerii	n/a	n/a	Red	Potential

Table 9. Species at risk: Reptiles

Common and scientific names of species	Canada: SARAa	Canada: COSEWICKb	British Columbia Provincial rankingc	Presence or potential of presenced
Leatherback Turtle Dermochelys coriacea (Pacific population)	Endangered	Endangered	Red	Probable

^a Species at Risk Act: Extinct, extirpated, endangered, threatened, special concern, not at risk (assessed and deemed not at risk of extinction) or no status (not rated)
^b Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada: the same status names as the SARA status
^c Provincial ranking using provincial codes, if applicable
^d List as ‘confirmed’, ‘probable’, or ‘potential’
Sources: (BC CDC 2013; DAWE 1976; DAWE 1980; DAWE AND BUECHERT 1995; DAWE AND LANG 1980; PRENTICE AND DAWE 1975-77)

Invasive species

Yellow flag-iris is an invasive ornamental perennial that has established in the wetland at the NBU, currently consisting of invasive reed canarygrass. Until 2012, it was regularly mowed. Efforts were made to remove and bury the yellow-flag iris, but treatment efficacy was hampered by shallow gravel substrates. Mowing also kept other species in check, such as Himalayan Blackberry (Rubus armeniacus discolor), and agricultural grasses and weeds (D. Buffett, pers. comm., December 12, 2013).

It is generally agreed that the reed canarygrass varietals that are abundant throughout wetlands in the Pacific Northwest, are the European cultivars of reed canarygrass that were specifically bred and introduced in the early 1900s (Townsend and Hebda 2013, Metro Vancouver 2020). Reed canarygrass forms dense, persistent, monocultures in wetlands, ditches, floodplains, and wet meadows (Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group 2007). Furthermore, it provides little forage value for native wildlife (King County Noxious Weed Control Program 2015).

A large patch of Robert’s geranium (Geranium robertianum) occurs along the road near the hatchery at the RCU (Ward et al. 1998), while English holly (Ilex aquifolium) occurs infrequently at the RCU. The MSU also contains patches of blackberry, holly and a variety of exotic grasses.

Dense-flowered Cordgrass (Spartina densiflora) and Salt Meadow Cordgrass (Spartina patens) are introduced perennial grasses with the ability to outcompete native estuarine plant species and form dense stands. These invasive species dramatically reduce suitable habitat for wildlife (Coastal Invasive Plant Committee 2011-2013) and interfere with the availability of detritus, wrack deposition and benthic invertebrate populations (Dresen et al. 2010). Invasions are known to change shoreline sedimentation and drainage patterns, restricting flows and contributing to flood hazards (Millham and Godfrey 2012). Spartina species were confirmed in BC in the early 2000s (Dresen et al. 2010; DUC 2010). Spartina distribution mapping completed in 2015 indicated that there were no occurrences in the NWA; however, S. densiflora occurs outside of the RCU and regular surveys should be conducted within the RCU to monitor whether it spreads into the NWA from the surrounding areas.

Management challenges & threats

Recreational use

Unauthorized access to NWAs by people and domestic pets can disturb wildlife species and degrade their habitats. Increased public use contributes to the introduction and spread of invasive species, widens and degrades trails, exposes ECCC-CWS and other conservation partners to liability, and heightens the risk of vandalism and theft from buildings. In addition, potential indigenous archaeological sites that have not yet been identified are at risk due to unauthorized access and recreational activities within the NWA. Plans to conduct archaeological site surveys are underway.

In summer 2022, ECCC-CWS contracted an archeological consultant to conduct Preliminary Field Reconnaissance (PFR) and Archaeological Overview Assessments (AOA) to identify potential archeological sites within the RSU, MSU, and NBU of Qualicum NWA in conjunction with local First Nations. These three units are located within the territories of several First Nations. By conducting an AOA in combination with a field visit (PFR) for the QNWA, ECCC-CWS hopes to identify sites that may hold cultural significance for First Nations in BC. The final AOA report for all three units,written in accordance with the BC Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines, is expected to be completed by spring of 2025.

Climate change and severe weather

The potential effects of climate change on the NWA include sea level rise, ocean acidification, more variable stream flows, droughts, severe storms, flooding, direct habitat loss, altered migration patterns, species range shifts, phenological disharmony, pest and disease outbreaks, disaggregating and reassembling ecological communities, and even collapses of entire food webs (Walther 2010; Walther et al. 2002). This section will focus on sea level rise and ocean acidification, as these are the main variables that negatively affect estuarine species and habitat.

Migratory birds using intertidal areas along coastal flyways are expected to fare poorly in the face of climate change, as connectivity is lost between suitable remaining habitats due to sea level rise (Iwamura et al. 2013). Estuarine species, while capable of thriving in a highly dynamic environment, are also habitat specialists and may be poorly adapted to long periods of high salinity inundation.

Summer droughts and aquifer drawdown combined with rising sea levels can result in a less brackish marsh and saltwater intrusion, already suspected at the MSU (cf. Dawe et al. 2011). Storm surges during high tides can cause flooding and erosion, and this will be exacerbated by climate change. Coupled with losses of the marsh platform due to overgrazing by increasing populations of Canada Geese, there is a legitimate concern for the survival of the estuarine marsh, particularly at the MSU (cf. Mudd 2013).

Water management

High spring runoff from Bonnell creek, compounded with sea level rise, are causing the berm upgraded by DUC in 2014 at NBU to erode. Increased runoff intensity associated with climate change will likely increase the severity of this challenge.

The Regional District of Nanaimo (RDN) draws water from two wells located in the Qualicum NWA (MSU), which service the Surfside subdivision in Qualicum Beach, BC. The RDN must apply for an annual permit under the Canada Wildlife Act, which allows the extraction of domestic water from the wells in the NWA. The RDN has tested salinity, chloride, and conductivity as part of its regular water quality inspections, which have been, and will continue to be provided to ECCC hydrologists to assess potential saltwater intrusion into the aquifer below the NWA.

As sea level rises along the coasts, storm surges and high tides can cause salt water to infiltrate coastal estuaries and freshwater aquifers. Increased salinity can threaten coastal plants and wildlife and can cause habitat destruction as salt intrusion pushes out salt-intolerant species (USDA 2023). In addition to affecting species composition, saltwater intrusion is also likely to alter resource availability in affected habitats (Zander, Petheram, and Garnett 2013). Regular water quality inspections can help identify the rates of saltwater intrusion occurring in the wells and can inform conservation managers in mitigating climate change impacts.

Alien invasive species

Invasive species displace native flora and fauna and reduce the quality of habitats for remaining organisms. Inventories conducted by Dawe and Lang (1980) identified a reed canarygrass-dominated (Phalaris arundinacea) wetland on the NBU as early as 1978. However, recent studies indicate that reed canarygrass is exotic in BC and has only existed in BC since post-disturbance colonization and the agricultural conversion of wetlands common in the early 1900s (Townsend and Hebda 2013).

As indicated earlier in this document, while 2015 maps and surveys show that Spartina does not occur within the NWA, Spartina densiflora does occur outside of the RCU, indicating the need for regular surveys to ensure early detection and treatment in the event that Spartina spreads to the RCU. Once established, Spartina outcompetes native vegetation that provides forage and habitat for fish and wildlife, resulting in a diminished habitat quality for affected species. Early eradication is essential to preventing the costly, long-term challenges experienced elsewhere where Spartina has established, such as around the Greater Vancouver, BC area, as well as various locations along the coastline of Washington State, where Spartina alterniflora has expanded rapidly since the mid-twentieth century (Saarela 2012). A GIS-based inventory is required to develop a comprehensive plan to manage invasive species on the NWA. Several organizations can help facilitate the management of invasive species, including the BC Spartina Working Group (BCSWG), Invasive Species Council of British Columbia (ISC), DUC, and Coastal Invasive Plant Committee (CIPC). There are also many stewardship groups that can provide on-the-ground support, such as Broombusters and the Qualicum Streamkeepers.

Problematic native wildlife

Prior to the 1970s, the population of Canada Geese likely only consisted of a small population of the native Vancouver Canada Goose sub species (Branta canadensis fulva). The Vancouver Canada Goose is suspected to have been a rare breeding bird only occurring on the northern half of Vancouver Island (Dawe and Stewart 2010). A series of organized introductions by government and non-government initiatives occurred throughout the 1970s and 1980s with the intention of expanding sport-hunting opportunities on Vancouver Island. As a result, Canada geese have established themselves throughout estuaries in the Nanaimo Lowlands, including in the MSU and NBU (Dawe and Stewart 2010).

The resident Canada goose population has been identified as a central factor to the loss of productive soils and channel edge structure in estuaries along the east coast of Vancouver Island through the over-grazing and grubbing of channel edge vegetation (Dawe et al. 2011; Clermont 2015). Among ecosystems impacted by the overgrazing of resident Canada geese, is the red-listed Lyngbye’s sedge (Carex lyngbyei) sedge herbaceous vegetation community. This Carex lyngbyei community is predominant at the MSU and thus, restoration measures are required to mitigate the impacts of resident Canada goose populations and restore ecological integrity to the estuary.

Goals and objectives

Vision

The overall management vision for the Qualicum NWA is to protect, improve and restore estuarine and upland habitat for migratory waterfowl, wildlife, plants, and species at risk. Priority wildlife include migratory birds (with an emphasis on waterfowl and waterbirds) and species at risk, though the productivity of coastal estuaries means that provision of these habitats in turn support many coastal wildlife species across various life stages.

Goals and objectives

The goals and objectives below elaborate on the vision for the protected area and take into account management threats and challenges. Achieving these goals and objectives will result in the implementation of the actions presented under the Management approaches for the Qualicum NWA section, which will be carried out according to the resources available.

Goal 1.0

Protect and maintain natural habitats and significant features from the effects of regulatory non-compliance (for example, unauthorized access) and evaluate the effects and benefits of human disturbance, both authorized and unauthorized.

Objective 1.1

Manage and monitor impacts related to unauthorized and authorized access to the NWA (with emphasis on the former) to reduce impacts from human uses on the NWA.

Objective 1.2

Identify, monitor and protect known and potential archaeological sites on the NWA. Where sites cannot be protected, work with local First Nations and archeologists to preserve artifacts and document the cultural history associated with the sites.

Goal 2.0

Assess and plan to minimize impacts related to climate change within the NWA, working with partners and building off any existing efforts by local authorities.

Objective 2.1

Quantify and address key site vulnerabilities related to climate change, focusing on health, safety as well as impacts to key habitats, cultural sites and infrastructure. Revisit management planning goals accounting for these vulnerabilities.

Objective 2.2

Work with partners to improve connectivity to other protected sites in order to improve ecosystem resiliency.

Goal 3.0

Maintain or improve water quality for the benefit of both people and wildlife.

Objective 3.1

Maintain or improve upon physical hydrological conditions for each of Bonnell, Rosewall, Nanoose Creek and Little Qualicum River within the NWA.

Objective 3.2

Maintain or improve the water quality of the estuary marshes in accordance with the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life.

Goal 4.0

Manage estuarine and upland habitats so that diverse populations of migratory birds and resident flora and fauna, including species at risk, are sustained and/or habitats and residences are created, restored or maintained.

Sub goal 4.1

Reduce estuarine habitat degradation due to overgrazing by Canada Geese.

Objective 4.1.1

Implement measures required to discourage breeding of Canada Geese to reduce impacts on native species and/or habitats, over the long term.

Objective 4.1.2

Collaborate with local conservation partners to complete investigative restoration projects within the MSU.

Sub goal 4.2

Control the extent, density, and reduce the distribution of invasive species consistent with management categories defined by the Coastal Invasive Species Committee (Coastal ISC).

Objective 4.2.1

Reduce the occurrence of Yellow Flag-iris, Scotch Broom, English Holly, Daphne/Spurge Laurel, Himalayan Blackberry and Reed canarygrass on the site over time.

Objective 4.2.2

Create a strategy to monitor the presence of, and if found, treat cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora, Spartina anglica, Spartina densiflora, and Spartina patens) in the NWA.

Sub goal 4.3

Identify and implement priority management actions for Species at Risk (SAR).

Objective 4.3.1

Determine SAR presence and distribution on the site by conducting surveys every five years. Develop and undertake site-specific SAR management actions on the NWA in line with species’ recovery and management goals and objectives.

Evaluation

Annual monitoring will be performed within the limits imposed by the availability of financial and human resources. The management plan will be reviewed 5 years after its initial approval and reviewed and updated every 10 years thereafter. The evaluation will take the form of an annual review of monitoring data obtained from the monitoring and research projects outlined below. This monitoring will be used to establish priorities for action and to allocate resources.

Management approaches

This section and the following table contain a description of all of the possible approaches that could be used in the management of the Qualicum NWA. However, management actions will be determined during the annual work planning process and will be implemented as human and financial resources allow.

Management approaches for the Qualicum NWA

Recreational Use

Priority: 1 - Goal, Sub-Goal and/or objective(s)

Goal 1.0: Protect and maintain natural habitats and significant features from the effects of regulatory non-compliance (for example, unauthorized access) and evaluate the effects and benefits of human disturbance, both authorized and unauthorized

Objective 1.1: Manage and monitor impacts related to unauthorized and authorized access to the NWA (with emphasis on the former) to reduce impacts to ecological from human uses on the NWA

Objective 1.2: Identify, monitor and protect known and potential archaeological sites on the NWA. Where sites cannot be protected, work with local First Nations and archeologists to preserve artifacts and document the cultural history associated with the sites

Management approaches (actions, including level of priority)^{Footnote 1}

• Upgrade gates and fencing as well as expand interpretative and boundary signage by spring of 2025 to increase public awareness of the area, its boundaries, and its conservation importance (Fencing and boundary signage – Priority 1; Interpretive signage – Priority 2)
• Conduct seasonal site monitoring and increase enforcement visits to reduce trespass (Priority 1)
• Hold discussions with regional governments, user groups and individuals to promote compliance and increase public awareness and engagement (Priority 2)
• Work with Indigenous groups and heritage agencies to have archaeological, and cultural sites delineated by spring of 2025 prioritizing foreshore sites as they are subject to multiple geomorphic processes (Priority 1)
• Put in place measures, such as fences and signage, to further restrict access and use to protect known archeological sites. Where site protection is not feasible, permit experts to preserve artifacts and document the cultural history associated with the sites by 2026 (Priority 2 – shift to priority 1 once delineation of sites is complete)

Climate change and severe weather

Priority 2 - Goal, Sub-Goal and/or objective(s)

Goal 2.0: Assess and plan to minimize impacts related to climate change within the NWA, working with partners and building off any existing efforts by local authorities

Objective 2.1: Quantify and address site vulnerabilities related to climate change, focusing on health, safety as well as impacts to key habitats, cultural sites and infrastructure. Revisit management planning goals accounting for these vulnerabilities

Objective 2.2: Work with partners to improve connectivity to other protected sites in order to increase ecosystem resiliency

Management approaches (actions, including level of priority)^{Footnote 1}

• Conduct a high-level analysis to identify infrastructure and key species/ecosystem vulnerabilities to climate change within the NWA units. Identify priority short-term actions (Priority 1)
• Develop a 5 year strategy to further quantify and plan for potential climate change impacts within the NWA. Revisit the goals and objectives of the NWA, as needed (Priority 2)
• Meet with local authorities and landowners to discuss, look for, and to the extent feasible, implement, opportunities to improve connectivity between the NWA and other protected areas (Priority 2)

Water management

Priority 1 - Goal, Sub-Goal and/or objective(s)

Goal 3.0: Maintain or improve water quality for the benefit of both people and wildlife

Objective 3.1: Maintain or improve upon physical hydrological conditions for each of Bonnell, Rosewall, Nanoose Creek and Little Qualicum River within the NWA

Objective 3.2: Maintain or improve the water quality of the estuary marshes in accordance with the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life

Management approaches (actions, including level of priority)^{Footnote 1}

• Assess the risk of adjacent activities to aquatic resources in the NWA and to inform the development an ecologically-based water quality monitoring plan (Priority 1)
• Monitor water quality and quantity to ensure they meet the CCME Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life (Priority 2)
• Work with RDN to conduct hydrogeological studies that will specify a pumping rate that will maintain compliance with the BC Water Sustainability Act (WSA) provision 58; 2,a(i) and to ensure that salinity must not be induced close to (or above) the Health Canada GCDWQ maximum acceptable concentration (MAC), but to maintain or improve the existing aquifer salinity levels within the Surfside Wells capture zone (Priority 1)
• Re-evaluate water extraction by RDN at MSU each time the agreement is renewed (Priority 1)
• Work with Ducks Unlimited Canada to conduct a hydrological assessment of habitat availability following breaching of berm and removal of water control infrastructure (Priority 1)
• Pending results of hydrological assessment, remove water control structure and breach berm to adapt habitat to changing climate (Priority 2)
• Conduct periodic monitoring of the bridge infrastructure as outlined in the agreement between ECCC-CWS and DFO to address the instability of the Rosewall Creek channel and bed (Priority 1)

Problematic native wildlife

Priority 1 - Goal, Sub-Goal and/or objective(s)

Goal 4.0: Manage estuarine and upland habitats so that diverse populations of migratory birds and resident flora and fauna, including species at risk, are sustained and/or habitats and residences are created, restored or maintained

Sub goal 4.1: Reduce estuarine habitat degradation due to overgrazing by Canada Geese

Objective 4.1.1: Implement measures required to discourage breeding of Canada Geese to reduce impacts on native species and/or habitats, over the long term

Objective 4.1.2: Collaborate with local conservation partners to complete investigative restoration projects within the MSU

Management approaches (actions, including level of priority)^{Footnote 1}

• Collaborate with project partners to complete experimental habitat restoration projects (Priority 1)
• Continue to support measures to reduce the impacts of Canada Geese on estuarine habitat (Priority 1)

Alien invasive plant species

Priority 1 - Goal, Sub-Goal and/or objective(s)

Goal 4.0: Manage estuarine and upland habitats so that diverse populations of migratory birds and resident flora and fauna, including species at risk, are sustained and/or habitats and residences are created, restored or maintained

Sub goal 4.2: Control the extent, density, and reduce the distribution of invasive species consistent with management categories defined by the Coastal Invasive Species Committee (Coastal ISC)

Objective 4.2.1: Reduce the occurrence of Yellow Flag-iris, Scotch Broom, English Holly, Daphne/Spurge Laurel, Himalayan Blackberry and Reed Canarygrass on the site over time

Objective 4.2.2: Create a strategy to monitor the presence of, and if found, treat cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora, Spartina anglica, Spartina densiflora, and Spartina patens) in the NWA

Management approaches (actions, including level of priority)^{Footnote 1}

• Conduct a comprehensive GIS-based inventory of invasive plant species on the NWA by fall 2026 and develop management strategies for priority species (Priority 1)
• Collaborate with local conservation partners to meet invasive species management objectives (Priority 2)
• Collaborate with the BC Spartina Working Group to continue to survey the NWA marshes annually and respond according to the BC Spartina Eradication Response Plan 2010 (Priority 1)
• Undertake treatments for Yellow Flag-iris with the NBU to contain and reduce the spread of this species (Priority 1)
• Restoration techniques will be considered and implemented to help control the spread of reed canarygrass and return the disturbed ecosystems to a more natural state, where practicable (Priority 2)

Recreational use, climate change and severe weather, alien invasive plant species

Priority 1 - Goal, Sub-Goal and/or objective(s)

Goal 4.0: Manage estuarine and upland habitats so that diverse populations of migratory birds and resident flora and fauna, including species at risk, are sustained and/or habitats and residences are created, restored or maintained

Sub goal 4.3: Identify and implement priority management actions for Species at Risk (SAR)

Objective 4.3.1: Determine SAR presence and distribution on the site by conducting surveys every five years. Develop and undertake site-specific SAR management actions on the NWA in line with species’ recovery and management goals and objectives

Management approaches (actions, including level of priority)¹

• Complete a SAR inventory for the site by fall 2026 (and every five years thereafter) using RISC standards (Priority 1)
• Identify priority management actions for SAR in the NWA using species’ recovery strategies, management plans, action plans and Best Management Practices (BMPs). Implement these actions on a priority basis, ensuring SARA obligation are being met (Priority 1)

Habitat management

Access

In an effort to minimize any disturbance to habitats and wildlife, public access to QNWA is limited. Under the Canada Wildlife Act, all NWAs are protected and managed in accordance with the Wildlife Area Regulations. According to the legislation, all activities in an NWA that could interfere with the conservation of wildlife can be prohibited. Consequently, some NWAs are not accessible to the public and many activities in NWAs are prohibited. However, some activities may be authorized through Schedule I.1 of the Wildlife Area Regulations or the issuance of permits. The following activities are authorized in QNWA as listed on Schedule I.1 of the Wildlife Area Regulations:

1. wildlife viewing
2. hiking on designated trails
3. operating a vehicle, other than a snowmobile or an all-terrain vehicle, on designated roads and trails and in designated parking areas
4. sport hunting of waterfowl — including with dogs off-leash — in designated areas in the Rosewall Creek Unit, from half an hour before sunrise to half an hour after sunset, if the hunting is carried out
   1. in accordance with any applicable federal permit and any authorization required by the laws of British Columbia for sport hunting in that province; and
   2. without the use of toxic shot
5. Operation by sport hunters of a vehicle, other than a snowmobile or an all-terrain vehicle, on designated roads and trails and in designated parking areas, from one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset
6. Sport fishing in designated areas of the Rosewall Creek Unit in accordance with any applicable federal permit and any authorization required by the laws of British Columbia for sport fishing in that province (Government of Canada 2022)

While Schedule I.1 lays out certain activies that are authorized in QNWA, unauthorized access and recreation on the site is still a challenge. There are several means available by which habitat disturbance by the public can be diminished, including installation of fencing, gates and additional prominent signage on the property; site monitoring and enforcing regulations to reduce trespass; and, working with regional governments, user groups and individuals to promote compliance and public education.

Occasionally, access and certain activities are permitted for some NGOs and others for the purpose of scientific study, inventory, site maintenance and habitat restoration. Permits or agreements that authorize access and use are issued to appropriate groups or individuals where their activities provide a net benefit to the NWA. Permits include the conditions that must be met for the work to be in compliance with the Wildlife Area Regulations.

According to the Wildlife Area Regulations, any person undertaking prohibited activities without a permit in an NWA would be subject to enforcement at the discretion of ECCCs Wildlife Enforcement Directorate (WED). WED conducts routine patrols of NWAs and they evaluate situations on a case-by-case basis. Any non-compliance with the applicable regulations can be reported to WED by calling their duty line 1-888-569-5656.

Invasive species

A thorough and comprehensive GIS-based inventory of invasive plant species within all units of the NWA will define the issue and subsequently aid in the development of invasive plant species management strategies, consistent with the prioritization framework defined by the CIPC.

Once the issue and extent is well defined, ECCC-CWS will collaborate with local conservation partners and possibly educational institutions such as the British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), to prevent, eradicate, contain, monitor and control invasive species, consistent with management categories defined by the CIPC.

Marshes within the NWA will continue to be surveyed for Spartina species in collaboration with the BC Spartina Working Group. Should the invasive cordgrass be identified on site, appropriate treatments will be conducted.

Species at risk

The NWA provides important habitat to many different species .Current information regarding species at risk distribution and abundance on the NWA is limited and somewhat dated. It is important that an updated SAR inventory in the NWA be completed and used, along with species recovery and planning documents, to inform priority management actions. While many of the key threats and management approaches identified elsewhere in this plan will also address SAR management objectives, a more detailed assessment will need to be undertaken to identify SAR management gaps and ensure that they are addressed on a priority basis. 

Water management

Activities occurring adjacent to the NWA need to be taken into consideration as they may affect aquatic resources within the protected area. A professional assessment will be conducted to determine presence or absence of any outside influences on the hydrological system within the NWA, and the extent of these influences.

Within the NBU, erosion of the berm, upgraded by DUC in 2014, presents a current concern. During severe weather events, water will flow over top of the berm, resulting in flooding within the NBU and fish entrapment. ECCC-CWS and DUC are discussing the possibility of naturalizing the site by breaching the berm and increasing estuarine habitat. Professional hydrological assessments of the area will be conducted to inform these discussions.

Within the MSU, water extraction rates from the two wells are a concern. Excessive rates of water draw from the wells could result in intrusion of salinity or contamination into the aquifer. ECCC will work with the RDN to determine appropriate extraction rates, which will be reflected on annual permits issued by ECCC to the RDN.

Wildlife management

Most of the Crown foreshore adjacent to the NBU has been closed to hunting. The MSU has been closed to hunting since 1974. These closures, coupled with new urban and peri-urban green spaces, have contributed to burgeoning populations of Canada Geese and the subsequent degradation of estuarine marsh, maritime meadows associated with Garry Oak ecosystems, and other habitats.

Dawe and Stewart (2010) noted that at least 15,000 resident geese (non-migratory) are present on the east coast of Vancouver Island, suggesting that they be identified as an invasive species. However, there was insufficient evidence to support these numbers of geese and their status as residents. The Guardians of Our Salish Estuaries (GooSE), formerly known as the Guardians of the Mid-Island Estuaries Society, are working closely with ECCC-CWS to conduct a research project aimed at restoring channel edge habitat, which has been degraded by Canada Geese. Volunteers associated with GooSE initiated a comprehensive research and management program involving egg sterilization, mark-resight, and population surveys. GooSE has also created the Vancouver Island Regional Canada Goose Management Working Group, a mid-island working group of municipalities and the Regional District, to coordinate more broadly on goose management. Multi-year data are available and will be analyzed and further adaptive management strategies will be identified based on the results of this data.

Management of archeological and cultural sites

Archaeological sites and sites of cultural value have been identified within the NWA. Archaeological and cultural site assessments are underway to further understand this potential and to delineate any new sites. ECCC-CWS will continue to work with local First Nations and heritage agencies in the development of this assessment. Management measures will also be identified to ensure ongoing protection of these sites. Where protection is not feasible, ECCC-CWS will work with local First Nations and heritage agencies to determine next steps, including preserving artifacts and documenting cultural history associated with specific sites in the NWA.

As stated above in earlier sections, in 2022, ECCC-CWS contracted archaeological assessments within all three units of the QNWA in conjunction with local First Nations to determine areas of archaeological significance. So far, several areas of archaeological significance have been identified, including two previously unrecorded archaeological sites in the MSU and archaeological sites containing cultural shell deposits and a stone fish trap in the NBU. Studies revealed that there are likely more sites of archaeological significance within the Units. The final AOA report for all three Units, written in accordance with the BC Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines, is expected to be completed by 2025.

Management for and adaptation to climate change

Habitats, species, archaeological and cultural sites and water management within the NWA are and will continue to be impacted by climate change. Sea level rise is a particular consideration given the location of the NWA units. A high-level assessment to identify key vulnerabilities will be important in the short-term. In the longer-term, a more comprehensive strategy quantifying potential impacts and enabling identification of medium and long-term management actions will be important, as will working with partners to ensure habitat connectivity so species, habitats and ecosystems in the NWA can more readily adapt to shifts. In some cases, mitigation of impacts on the site will not be feasible and the NWAs goals and objectives may need to be revised.

The channel and bed of Rosewall Creek have a long history of instability, attributed mainly to forestry activities in the watershed. BC Parks is monitoring the erosion in Rosewall Creek Provincial Park, in anticipation of moving park infrastructure, such as the parking area and outhouses (D. Forman, D. Chapman, personal comm., November-December, 2013). As the creek responds to periodic changes in bed load and changes course, it will undoubtedly alter the landscape of the creek within the RCU. If discharge and velocities are extreme, there is a risk of damage to the bridge across the RCU leading to the hatcheries. Periodic monitoring of the bridge infrastructure is necessary, as outlined in an agreement between ECCC-CWS and DFO, and users must monitor and report any changes that pose a risk.

There is a need to continually monitor and, as necessary, remove hazard trees on the NWA for the sections of the site that abut other properties with infrastructure on them (for example houses).

Monitoring

Effective and efficient monitoring requires careful planning and a coordinated approach. Monitoring will be carried out in a manner that contributes to meeting species at risk recovery strategy and action plan objectives. Ongoing monitoring needs are as follows:

1. Habitat composition and distribution using existing habitat mapping or by updating TEM mapping as a baseline condition to which future changes can be compared
2. Canada Goose population numbers, annually
3. Water quality in all units, every five years; water quality and quantity in Rosewall Creek and other surface water entering the RCU and lagoon, every five years
4. Invasive plant species in all units; document and map invasive species occurrences and distribution, every five years
5. Survey the NWA marshes annually for Spartina
6. With RDN, monitor wells, particularly flow rate, on the MSU to ensure no adverse environmental effects
7. Riparian habitat health, every five years
8. Illegal public trespassing and property boundaries, annually
9. Functionality of condition of culverts, annually
10. Degraded and damaged habitat, annually
11. Habitat restoration and restoration treatment success, annually
12. Composition of floral and faunal communities to document changes in the occurrence, distribution and viability of species and ecosystems at risk, every five years

Research

Research activities will be considered for permitting when the results obtained through research have the potential for the following:

1. There is an obvious, direct application to a management decision, or to evaluate past management decisions
2. Results contribute to the protection, restoration or enhancement of ecosystems at risk and/or other naturally occurring habitats
3. Results contribute to the recovery of SAR or declining and desirable populations of other species
4. Results contribute to understanding biological and ecological parameters undergoing significant change from anthropogenic or natural sources or a combination of these (example: climate change)
5. Results reduce the establishment, spread and/or effects of invasive and nuisance species
6. Monitoring results are likely to provide early warning of habitat impairment, and will save resources if problems are discovered early
7. Results contribute to increased understanding that lead to better management
8. Results are clearly understood and accepted by ECCC-CWS managers, other policy makers, research scientists and the general public.
   1. all of whom should be able to recognize the implications of the results for protecting and managing the NWA values

Specific research needs have been identified for the NWA. Some data, including baseline vegetation data collected for the RCU, still require analysis. Data collection protocols have remained relatively consistent over time, but differ from provincial standards (that is, BC Resources Information Standards Committee (RISC)). Plant communities have been described but differ from contemporary classification systems, most notably the Bio-geo-climatic Ecosystem Classification (BEC).

Additionally, analyzing raw data and amalgamating all data would allow ECCC-CWS and its conservation partners to better address inventory and research gaps, and help make informed management decisions. Cross-walking this data to BEC would enable comparison with past and future studies undertaken for estuaries or coastal forests by the BC Ministry of Forests and Range Research Branch and others.

Another area of research requiring attention is climate change and its varying threats to estuaries, such as rising sea levels, altered rain patterns, drought, and ocean acidification. Acquiring professional services to model or predict occurrence, rate and potential impact of these issues within all units of the NWA is warranted. Partnering with institutions such as local universities to research potential climate change impacts, both in terms of physical changes to the estuary and potential broader impacts on ecological processes is also a possibility. Results from both initial models and longer-term research will enable ECCC-CWS land managers to prioritize and make decisions regarding efforts to protect and restore estuaries.

Lastly, while there is extensive knowledge on estuaries, their biodiversity and relationship to the marsh are not well understood. For example, estuarine marshes may support differentiated vertebrate taxa (for example, marsh-endemic subspecies) (Greenberg et al. 2006). Estuarine marshes are also often described as “nurseries” for a wide variety of invertebrates, providing habitat for larvae to metamorphose and grow to sub adult stages before moving to habitats offshore; however more recent literature suggests these claims need further study (Beck et al. 2001).

Public information & outreach

Additional signage at access points is necessary to inform the public of restricted access into the NWA. Benefits and risks of offsite education and outreach related to the NWA must be weighed. Because there is a risk that increased awareness of the NWA may lead to increased trespassing and general usage of the NWA, it is important that any education and outreach material emphasizes that public access is limited. By emphasizing these details, the hope is that more outreach and education will ultimately lead to a higher rate of compliance with the Wildlife Area Regulations.

Outreach and education will consist of holding discussions with regional governments, user groups and individuals to promote compliance and increase public awareness and engagement. The upgrading of fencing and signage will also increase public awareness of the area, its boundaries, and its conservation importance. ECCC-CWS will also work with Indigenous groups and heritage agencies to have archaeological and cultural sites delineated and protected.

Authorizations and prohibitions

In the interest of wildlife and the environment, human activities are minimized and controlled in NWAs through the implementation of the Wildlife Area Regulations. These regulations set out activities that are prohibited in the NWA and provide mechanisms for the Minister of ECCC-CWS to authorize certain activities to take place in NWAs. The regulations also provide the authority for the Minister to prohibit entry into NWAs.

Activities within an NWA are authorized through a permit or by having the activity authorized through Schedule I of the Wildlife Area Regulations.

Prohibition of entry

For the Qualicum NWA, entry is prohibited under the following circumstances and in the following zones within the NWA: 

• Entry is prohibited in all zones unless authorized by the Minister of Environment or the Minister’s delegates
• In the MSU, entry is prohibited for all activities described in Section 3(1) of the Wildlife Area Regulation, only excluding entry for fishing and passive wildlife viewing on the banks of the Little Qualicum River
  •  Entry must not be used to gain access to other zones within the NWA

For the Qualicum NWA, notices prohibiting entry will be posted at the main entrance to the MSU and at known entry points at all units of the NWA.

Authorized activities

Authorized Activities without special restrictions:

1. RDN activities to monitor and maintain the well site and water line at the MSU
2. DUC activities to maintain the water control structures at the NBU and manage Yellow-Flag-iris
3. NTBC/VICLMP/Crown Land Securement Partnership Program CLSPP activities to assist with management, caretaking and monitoring at MSU and NBU

Authorized activities with special restrictions:

1. Volunteer stewardship activities (for example, planting trees and shrubs, removing invasive species) or surveys (for example, conducting Christmas Bird Counts) in all units if projects support and are consistent with the goals and objectives within this management plan
2. Nanoose Streamkeeper activities to help DUC monitor and maintain the water control structures, and to monitor salmonids and salvage fry at the NBU; and
3. The Guardians activities to conduct scientific research and manage Canada Geese on the MSU and NBU

Authorizations and permits

Permits authorizing an activity may be issued only if the Minister is of the opinion that the activity is scientific research relating to wildlife or habitat conservation, or the activity benefits wildlife and their habitats or will contribute to wildlife conservation, or the activity is not inconsistent with the purpose for which the NWA was established and is consistent with the most recent management plan.

The Minister may also add terms and conditions to permits in order to minimize the impact of an activity on wildlife and wildlife habitat.

All requests for permits or authorizations must be made in writing to the following address or to the email address below:

Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service
Pacific Region
5421 Robertson Road, RR#1
Delta, BC
V4K 3N2
Email: scfpacpermitscwspacpermits@ec.gc.ca

For further information, please consult the Environment and Climate Change Canada guidance when considering permitting in National Wildlife Areas designated under the Wildlife Area Regulations and protected marine areas designated under the Canada Wildlife Act. (2023). This ECCC-CWS policy document is available on the Protected Areas website.

Exceptions

As per section 3.4 of the Wildlife Area Regulations and consistent with section 6.9 of Environment and Climate Change Canada guidance when considering permitting in National Wildlife Areas designated under the Wildlife Area Regulations and protected marine areas designated under the Canada Wildlife Act:

Sections 3 and 3.3 do not apply in respect of an activity carried out for the purpose of ensuring public safety or national security or in response to an emergency and therefore a permit is not normally required for these activities.

Other federal and provincial authorizations

Depending on the type of activity, other federal or provincial permits or authorizations may be required to undertake an activity in the Qualicum NWA.

Contact your regional federal and provincial permitting office for more information.

Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service
Pacific Region
5421 Robertson Road, RR#1
Delta, BC
V4K 3N2

Health and safety

Any environmental emergency relating to the NWA should be reported to the Emergency Management of British Columbia Report a Spill Hotline at: 1-800-663-3456.

All reasonable efforts will be made to protect the health and safety of the public including adequately informing visitors of any known or anticipated hazards or risks. Further, ECCC-CWS staff will take all reasonable and necessary precautions to protect their own health and assure safety as well as that of their co-workers. However, visitors (including researchers and contractors) must make all reasonable efforts to inform themselves of risks and hazards and must be prepared and self-sufficient. Natural areas contain some inherent dangers and proper precautions must be taken by visitors, recognizing that ECCC-CWS staff neither patrol regularly nor offer services for visitor safety in NWAs. In addition, climate change is likely to present management challenges over the coming years. These challenges include, but are not limited to, sea level rise, larger freshets, storm surges, and flooding. To the extent possible, ECCC-CWS endeavors to manage these challenges in collaboration with partner agencies.

Incidents or emergencies can be reported to:

1. Canadian Coast Guard Search and Rescue at 1 800 463-4393
2. RCMP (911)
3. ECCC Enforcement Branch Duty Line at 1-888-569-5656. (401 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6C 3S5)
4. BC Ministry of Environment Conservation Officer Service - Report All Poachers and Polluters (RAPP) toll-free at 1-877-952-7277
5. Vancouver Island Conservation Land Management Program at 250-751-3218
6. Regional District of Nanaimo, Water and Utility Services at 250-248-4914

Enforcement

The management of NWAs is based on three acts and the regulations thereunder:

• Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994, and Migratory Birds Regulations
• Canada Wildlife Act and Wildlife Area Regulations
• Species at Risk Act

Active onsite management and/or periodic enforcement are required to prevent certain adverse effects on NWA values. The Migratory Birds Convention Act, Species at Risk Act and Canada Wildlife Act prohibit specific activities on the NWA. ECCC-CWS’s wildlife enforcement officers are mandated to monitor compliance with the acts and regulations on an ongoing basis and to conduct investigations as required. ECCC-CWS Wildlife Enforcement Officers patrol the Qualicum NWA on occasion, and may increase the frequency of visits if necessary.

Plan implementation

The management plan will be implemented over a 10-year period. Annual work plans will be developed in accordance with priorities, budgets and the details of management plan implementation will be developed through ECCC-CWS’s annual work planning. An adaptive management approach will be favored for the implementation of the management plan. The implementation of the plan will be evaluated five years after its publication.

Activity timeline description (2021 to 2030)

Ongoing annual activities (2021 to 2030)

The following activities occur every year from 2021 through 2030:

1. Stewardship and partnership with NGOs
2. Monitor erosion of stream banks
3. Monitoring water quality and quantity
4. Canada Geese management

Activities occurring during specific periods

1. Collaborate with partners regarding archaeology sites - From 2022 to 2025
2. ECCC–CWS–DFO Memorandum of Understanding regarding the RCU bridge - 2025
3. Increase public awareness through signage- 2021, 2022, 2024, 2026, 2028, and 2030
4. Facilitate climate change research- 2025 and 2026
5. Control of invasive species- 2021, 2022, 2023, 2025, 2027, and 2029.
6. Marsh restoration at MSU- From 2021 to 2025
7. Monitoring and maintenance of water control structures- 2021, 2023, 2025, 2027, and 2029
8. Investigate subsurface rights and mining- 2026
9. Monitoring of species and ecosystems at risk - From 2024 to 2030

Management authorities and mandates

ECCC-CWS (Pacific Region) is responsible for site management of the Qualicum NWA.

Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC) is responsible for the construction and maintenance of water control structures (dykes and ditches) at the NBU.

Management plan review

Evaluation will take the form of a review of data obtained from the monitoring, surveys, and research projects. Monitoring, surveys, and research at the Qualicum NWA will be included in the workplan and will be performed within the limits imposed by financial and human resources. Activities will be adjusted over time as needed. The data collected will be reviewed annually and used to inform future management at the NWA. Furthermore, these data will be used to evaluate federal contributions towards accomplishing the mandates specific to ECCC-CWS for which the protected area was established.

This management plan will be reviewed 5 years after its formal approval by ECCC-CWS and every 10 years thereafter. Information may be appended to the document as required to aid in site management and decision-making.

Collaborators

East-central Vancouver Island has a rich and long history of conservation partnerships with a focus on habitat securement, management and restoration. Most notable are the Pacific Estuary Conservation Program (PECP), Vancouver Island Conservation Lands Management Program (VICLMP) and Crown Land Securement Partnership Program (CLSPP). ECCC-CWS, along with the British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations (FLNRO) and the British Columbia Ministry of Environment (MoE), Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC) and The Nature Trust of British Columbia (NTBC) have collaborated on strategic projects focusing on coastal wetlands and estuaries since the mid-1980s.

Stewardship groups are very active in this region, providing important volunteer services such as invasive species removal and fish salvage during summer droughts. These groups are often citizen scientists, collecting data that inform and assist land managers. Fanny Bay Salmonid Enhancement Society (FBSES), Guardians of our Salish Estuaries (GooSE), and Nanoose Naturalists currently provide services in the NWA complexes, and many other stewardship groups monitor things such as birds and surface and groundwater in the region.

ECCC-CWS will continue to collaborate with First Nations in the management of the NWA, for example, through collaborative implementation of projects of interest and review of future versions of the management plans. A few examples of ongoing collaborations include archaeological exploration of QNWA units in tandem with Qualicum First Nation, K’ómoks First Nation, and Nanoose First Nation. ECCC-CWS will also collaborate with K’ómoks First Nation to facilitate traditional cultural practices within QNWA. ECCC-CWS welcomes all opportunities to collaborate with First Nations at QNWA.

Potential collaborators in the management of the NWA include DFO and educational institutions, such as Vancouver Island University’s Deep Bay field station programs and the University of Victoria’s Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium.

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Appendices

Appendix A

Table A1. Ecosystems at risk in the NWA (BC CDC 2014; Cook 2011; Dawe and White 1982; Dawe and White 1986; Kennedy 1982; Madrone 2008; Prentice and Dawe 1989)

English name	scientific name	global Status	provincial status	biogeclimatic units	ecosystem class	present in unit
American glasswort - sea-milkwort	Sarcocornia/Salicornia pacifica - Glaux maritima	G3G4	S2 (red-listed)	CDFmm/Em02 (Em=Estuary marsh); CWH/Em02	Estuarine Marsh	Confirmed MSU (Dawe and White 1982); Confirmed NBU (Dawe and White 1986; Kennedy 1982)
beaked ditch-grass Herbaceous Vegetation	Ruppia maritima	GNR	S2 (red-listed)	CDFmm/Em01; CWH/Em01	Estuarine Marsh	Potential RCU; Confirmed NBU (Dawe and White 1986; Madrone 2008); Confirmed MSU (Dawe and White 1982)
black cottonwood - red alder / salmonberry	Populus trichocarpa - Alnus rubra / Rubus spectabilis	GNR	S3 (blue-listed)	CDFmm/Fm50 (Mackenzie and Moran 2004) CDFmm/08; CWHxm1/09	Terrestrial - Flood Mid-bench; Forest: Broadleaf - moist/wet	Potential RCU; Confirmed NBU 3.89 ha (Madrone 2008); Potential MSU
black cottonwood / Sitka willow	Populus trichocarpa / Salix sitchensis	GNR	S2S3 (blue-listed)	CWHxm1/10	Terrestrial - Flood Mid-bench; Forest: Broadleaf - moist/wet	Potential RCU
Broad-leaved Cattail Marshes	Typha latifolia	G5	S3 (blue-listed)	CDFmm/Wm05; CWHxm1/Wm0	Wetland - Mineral; Marsh	Potential RCU; Possible at MSU in 70s (Dawe and White 1982; Kennedy 1982) possibly no longer present
Common spike-rush Herbaceous Vegetation	Eleocharis palustris	GNR	S3 (blue-listed)	CDFmm/Wm04; CWH/Wm04	Wetland - Mineral; Marsh	Potential RCU; Confirmed at MSU in 70s (Dawe and White 1982) possibly no longer present
Douglas-fir / dull Oregon-grape	Pseudotsuga menziesii / Mahonia nervosa	G2	S2 (red-listed) Endemic	CDFmm/01; CWHxm1	Forest: Coniferous - mesic	Potential RCU; Confirmed MSU (Madrone 2008)
Douglas-fir - lodgepole pine / grey rock-moss	Pseudotsuga menziesii - Pinus contorta / Racomitrium canescens	GNR	S2 (red-listed)	CWHxm1/02	Forest: Coniferous - dry	Potential RCU
Douglas-fir / sword fern	Pseudotsuga menziesii / Polystichum munitum	G2G4	S2S3 (blue-listed)	CWHxm1/04	Forest: Coniferous - dry	Potential RCU, found nearby at Chef Creek (Moul 2010)
Douglas-fir - western hemlock / salal (Dry Maritime)	Pseudotsuga menziesii - Tsuga heterophylla / Gaultheria shallon	G3G4	S2S3 (blue-listed)	CWHxm1/03	Forest: Coniferous - dry	Potential RCU
dune wildrye - beach pea	Leymus mollis ssp. mollis- Lathyrus japonicus	GNR	S1S2 (red-listed)	CDFmm; CWHxm1	Terrestrial - Beach	Confirmed MSU complex (Kennedy 1982), on the LQRERCA
grand fir / dull Oregon-grape	Abies grandis / Mahonia nervosa	G1	S1 (red-listed)	CDFmm/04	Forest: Coniferous - mesic	Possible MSU
grand fir / three-leaved foamflower	Abies grandis / Tiarella trifoliata	G1	S1 (red-listed)	CDFmm/06	Forest: Coniferous - moist/wet	Confirmed NBU 0.509 ha (Madrone 2008); Possible MSU
hard-stemmed bulrush (Deep Marsh)	Schoenoplectus acutus	G5	S3 (blue-listed) Endemic P	CDFmm/Wm06; CWHxm1/Wm06	Wetland - Mineral; Marsh	Confirmed at MSU (Kennedy 1982)
Lyngbye's sedge (herbaceous vegetation)	Carex lyngbyei	GNR	S2 (red-listed)	CDFmm/Em05; CWH/Em05	Estuarine Marsh	Possible RCU complex; Confirmed MSU (Dawe and White 1982; Kennedy 1982); Confirmed NBU (Dawe and White 1986; Kennedy 1982)
red alder / salmonberry / common horsetail	Alnus rubra / Rubus spectabilis / Equisetum arvense	GNR	S3 (blue-listed)	CDFmm/09; CDFmm/Fl51 Flood Lowbench	Terrestrial - Flood Lowbench	Potential NBU, MSU
red alder / skunk cabbage	Alnus rubra / Lysichiton americanus	GNR	S2 (red-listed)	CDFmm/Ws52	Wetland - Mineral; Swamp	Potential NBU, MSU
red alder / slough sedge [ black cottonwood]	Alnus rubra / Carex obnupta [ Populus trichocarpa ]	G1	S1 (red-listed)	CDFmm/14	Wetland - Mineral; Swamp	Possible NBU, Potential MSU
seashore saltgrass (Herbaceous Vegetation)	Distichlis spicata var. spicata	GNR	S2S3 (red-listed)	CDFmm/Em03; CWHxm1/Em03	Estuarine Marsh	Confirmed upper intertidal RCU; Confirmed MSU (Kennedy 1982); Confirmed NBU (Kennedy 1982)
Sitka sedge - Pacific water-parsley	Carex sitchensis - Oenanthe sarmentosa	G3	S3 (blue-listed) Endemic	CWHxm1/Wm50	Wetland - Mineral; Marsh	Potential RCU
Sitka spruce / salmonberry (Very Dry Maritime)	Picea sitchensis / Rubus spectabilis	G3	S2 (red-listed)	CWHxm1/08	Terrestrial - Flood Highbench; Forest: Mixed - moist/wet	Potential RCU, found nearby at Chef Creek (Moul 2010)
Sitka willow - Pacific willow / skunk cabbage	Salix sitchensis- Salix lasiandra var. lasiandra / Lysichiton americanus	G2	S2 (red-listed) Endemic	CDFmm/Ws51; CWH/Ws51	Wetland - Mineral; Swamp	Potential RCU, MSU
tufted hairgrass - Douglas' aster	Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. beringensis - Symphyotrichum subspicatum	G3	S2 (red-listed) Endemic	CDFmm/Ed02;CWH/Ed02	Estuarine Meadow	Potential MSU, possible part of the Dechampsia - flats community noted by Dawe and White (1982)
tufted hairgrass - meadow barley	Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. beringensis - Hordeum brachyantherum	G3	S2 (red-listed) Endemic	CDFmm/Ed01;CWH/Ed01	Estuarine Meadow	Possible MSU
western hemlock - Douglas-fir / Oregon beaked-moss	Tsuga heterophylla - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Eurhynchium oreganum	G3G4	S2 (red-listed)	CWHxm1/01	Forest: Coniferous - mesic	Potential RCU
western hemlock - western redcedar / deer fern	Tsuga heterophylla - Thuja plicata / Blechnum spicant	G2G3	S2 (red-listed)	CWHxm1/06	Forest: Coniferous - moist/wet	Potential RCU
western red cedar / black twinberry	Thuja plicata / Lonicera involucrata	GNR	S1 (red-listed)	CWHxm1/14	Forest: Coniferous - moist/wet	Potential RCU
western red cedar / common snowberry	Thuja plicata / Symphoricarpos albus	GNR	S1 (red-listed)	CDFmm/07	Terrestrial - Flood Highbench; Forest: Mixed - moist/wet	Confirmed NBU 2.773 ha (Madrone 2008); Possible MSU
western red cedar - Douglas-fir / Oregon beaked-moss	Thuja plicata - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Eurhynchium oreganum	GNR	S1 (red-listed)	CDFmm/05	Forest: Coniferous - moist/wet	Potential MSU
western red cedar / Indian-plum	Thuja plicata / Oemleria cerasiformis	G1	S1 (red-listed)	CDFmm/13	Forest: Coniferous - moist/wet	Potential MSU
western red cedar / salmonberry	Thuja plicata / Rubus spectabilis	GNR	S1S2 (red-listed)	CWHxm1/13	Forest: Coniferous - moist/wet	Potential RCU
western red cedar - Sitka spruce / skunk cabbage	Thuja plicata - Picea sitchensis / Lysichiton americanus	G3?	S3? (blue-listed)	CWHxm1/12	Wetland - Mineral; Swamp	Potential RCU, found nearby at Chef Creek (Moul 2010)
western red cedar / slough sedge	Thuja plicata / Carex obnupta	GNR	S2S3 (blue-listed)	CWHxm1/15	Wetland - Mineral; Swamp	Potential RCU
western red cedar / sword fern (Very Dry Maritime)	Thuja plicata / Polystichum munitum Very	GNR	S2S3 (blue-listed)	CWHxm1/05	Forest: Coniferous - mesic	Potential RCU
western red cedar / three-leaved foamflower (Very Dry Maritime)	Thuja plicata / Tiarella trifoliata	G3	S2S3 (blue-listed)	CWHxm1/07	Forest: Coniferous - moist/wet	Potential RCU
western red cedar / vanilla-leaf	Thuja plicata / Achlys triphylla	G1	S1 (red-listed)	CDFmm/12	Forest: Coniferous - moist/wet	Confirmed MSU (Madrone 2008)

Appendix B. Plant communities of the Qualicum NWA

Table B1. Plant communities at the Little Qualicum River estuary (Dawe and White 1982). Mean elevations are above chart datum

Plant community	Elevation (m acd)	Soil type	Soil texture
Sea Milkwort (Glaux) - pioneer	3.20	Orthic Regosol	Gravel-sand
Beaked Ditch-grass (Ruppia) - aquatic	3.54	Rego Gleysol	Silt
Sedge (Carex) - channel edge	3.96	Rego Gleysol	Peat to organic muck
Buttercup (Ranunculus) - low pasture	4.06	Rego Gleysol	Clay-loam
Sedge - Bentgrass (Carex - Agrostis) - slope	4.19	Rego Gleysol	Peat
Buttercup - Rush (Ranunculus - Juncus) high pasture	4.39	Rego Gleysol	Clay-loam
Tufted Hairgrass (Deschampsia)- flats	4.44	Rego Gleysol	Peat
Rush (Juncus) - high marsh	4.78	Orthic humic gleysol	Loam to clay-loam
Rose (Rosa) - gravel bar	5.12	Orthic Regosol	Loam

Table B2. Plant communities at the NBU (Dawe and White 1986). Mean elevations are above chart datum (ACD)

Plant community	Elevation (m acd)	Soil type	Soil texture
Salicornia - pioneer	2.79-3.82	Orthic-Regosol	Sand-gravel
Ruppia - aquatic	in tidal channels	Rego Gleysol	Silt
Carex - channel edge	3.95-4.23	Rego Gleysol	Peat
Distichlis/Salicornia - flats	3.79-4.65	Rego Gleysol	Peat
Carex/Distichlis - flats	4.42-4.67	Rego Gleysol	Peat
Juncus - high marsh	4.65-4.88	Rego and Orthic humic gleysols	Clay to clay-loam
Agropyron - high grass	4.85-5.26	Rego, Orthic, and orthic humic gleysols	Silt to clay-loam
Rosa - gravel bar	on fluvial and marine gravel deposits	Orthic-Regosol	Sand-gravel