"Progress of species at risk towards their population and distribution objectives, Canada, May 2025",,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, Common name,Scientific name,Species group,Species at Risk Act status,Final recovery document date,Reassessment date,Progress report date,Recovery document objectives ,Species data,Rationale,Progress of species at risk towards their population and distribution objectives Allegheny Mountain dusky salamander (Appalachian population),Desmognathus ochrophaeus,Amphibian,Endangered,12/10/2014,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,Maintain presence in each known occurrence.,Probably less than 1000 mature individuals.,Population trends cannot be determined from the available data.,Insufficient data to determine trends Allegheny Mountain dusky salamander (Carolinian population),Desmognathus ochrophaeus,Amphibian,Endangered,3/6/2019,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,Safeguard existing populations and if feasible introduce to unoccupied habitat with aim of increasing population size by 50%.,Likely less than 100 mature individuals in 2 locations,Currently not possible to determine population trends for this species. ,Insufficient data to determine trends American Hart's-tongue fern,Asplenium scolopendrium,"Vascular plant, fern",Special Concern,4/30/2013,11/1/2016,11/1/2016,Maintain extant populations at their current abundance and distribution.,"The Canadian population is estimated to be more than 110 000 individuals. Abundance was not calculated in the past, so it is not possible to know if there has been any change.",Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends American marten (Newfoundland population),Martes americana atrata,Mammal,Threatened,7/9/2013,5/1/2022,12/23/2022,"Increase the wild population of American marten to establish a stable and self-sustaining population in Newfoundland. To maintain areas currently occupied by marten, and to establish marten in areas adjacent to known populations where the potential for occupancy is high.","In 1985 estimated 630 to 875 marten; 1995 estimated 300 mature individuals, 2007 estimated 320 to 622 mature individuals, 2019 estimated 2,494 to 2,773 mature individuals. The distribution of Newfloundland marten has increased since 2007. Marten now occur in at least 15 of the 18 forest management districts and both national parks. Marten are recolonizing parts of their historical range in the Baie Verte Peninsula, Stephenville south area and forested areas in southcentral Newfoundland. In Gros Morne National Park, the population was presumed extirpated through the 1990s, estimated at less than 5 in 2001-2002, 15 to 20 in 2012 and 26 to 36 individuals in 2017. In Terra Nova National Park from 2017 to 2022, the catch rate of the population has exceeded baseline levels of 2.59 captures per 100 trap nights. The population is well-established and stable.","There is an estimated increase in the total number of mature individuals between 2007 and 2019, and there is an increase in the extent of occurance and area of occupancy.",Yes American water-willow,Justicia americana,"Vascular plant, herb",Threatened,3/28/2011,4/1/2021,,"The population and distribution objectives are to maintain (and if possible increase) the current number of individuals within existing populations, to maintain the number of locations (10) and to prevent the decline in the quality of habitat.","There are 13 known extant subpopulations. In 2020, the Canadian population was estimated at 1,432,595 mature individuals. The best available information suggests a decline of 94.4% in the overall Canadian population over the past 10 years. The decline is attributed to losses from the Rivière des Mille-Îles subpopulation, which was 99% of the total Canadian population in 2007. It saw a dramatic decline in 2010 and later stabilized. The other subpopulations are a mix of declining, increasing and stable.","Though there are varying trends between populations, there is an observed decline of 94.4% from 2007 to 2014 of the overall population, most from the Rivière des Mille-Îles subpopulation (which accounts for 99% of the total population in Canada). ",No Anticosti aster,Symphyotrichum anticostense,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,9/27/2012,4/1/2017,4/1/2017,"Maintain the Canadian population at its current known size, distribution and area of occupancy.","The population is estimated at 410 000 to 1 063 000 stems, distributed in 18 subpopulations. The subpopulations appear to be stable.",Populations are stable.,Yes Athabasca thrift,Armeria maritima ssp. Interior,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,12/18/2013,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,Maintain current population density and area of occupancy.,Population estimated to be 1 080 000 to 9 360 000 individuals. Subspecies distributed in 3 distinct subpopulations in 3 separate dune fields. Potential decline in extent of occurrence based on forest ingress along western margins of William River dunes. Decline in habitat due to net conversion of open dune area to forest.,No information available to directly assess population trends,Insufficient data to determine trends Atlantic salmon (Inner Bay of Fundy population),Salmo salar,"Fish, marine",Endangered,5/4/2010,11/1/2010,8/3/2021,"By 2015, conserve the genetic characteristics of the few remaining anadromous inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon populations. Re-establish self-sustaining populations to their conservation levels in 10 river systems.","This population once bred in 32 rivers tributary to the inner Bay of Fundy; however, spawning no longer occurs in most rivers. The population, which is thought to have consisted of about 40 000 individuals earlier in the 20th century, is believed to have been fewer than 200 individuals in 2008. Survival through the marine phase of the species' life history is currently extremely poor, and the continued existence of this population depends on a captive rearing program.",Fewer than 200 mature individuals are left in the wild and the population is not self-sustaining.,No Atlantic walrus (Northwest Atlantic population),Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus,Mammal,Extirpated,2/26/2008,4/1/2017,,Not feasible,n/a,n/a,Not feasible Atlantic whitefish,Coregonus huntsmani,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,2/23/2007,12/1/2022,9/6/2022,Achieve stability in the current population in Nova Scotia. Re-establish the anadromous (ocean-going) form. Increase the number and range of viable populations.,"The exact size of the remaining population is not known but is believed to be small. The species is endemic to Canada and its current distribution is restricted to 3 interconnected lakes in southwestern Nova Scotia. The species is threatened by illegally introduced predatory fishes, water-control structures that impede movement, municipal alteration of water levels, and declining habitat quality. Hatchery-reared fish released at a second lake location did not persist, therefore the extent of occurrence remains unchanged. New captive rearing efforts are underway and range expansion is being planned.","Previous efforts to expand the species' range were not successful. New captive rearing and range expansion efforts are planned and underway but have not yet been fully implemented. The species continues to be threatened by illegally introduced predatory fishes, water-control structures that impede movement, municipal alteration of water levels, and declining habitat quality. If these threats are not reversed, they will lead to the extinction of this unique Canadian species.",No Atlantic wolffish,Anarhichas lupus,"Fish, marine",Special Concern,2/27/2020,11/1/2012,5/8/2024,Increase the population levels and distribution in eastern Canadian waters and ensure long-term viability of the species.,"The species has been increasing in abundance and area of occupancy since the mid-1990s. While these recent increases are encouraging, the species remains at low abundance compared to historical levels. Since the last DFO assessment in 2014, population status throughout remains relatively unchanged and has shown little recovery. Overall abundance on the Scotian Shelf had decreased. ","Decreased biomass since 2009 compared to long term geometric mean. On the Scotian Shelf, abundance of immature individuals peaked in the late 1990s-early 2000s, and has declined since 2010. Abundance of mature individuals has been declining since the 1980s.",No Aweme borer,Papaipema aweme,Insect,Endangered,2/17/2017,11/1/2020,,"Ontario: Fill knowledge gaps and maintain existing vegetation at collection sites with broad measures until better information allows specific actions, such as habitat protection and threat mitigation, to be undertaken. Canada: Attempt to fill knowledge gaps and ensure the persistence of populations where they are confirmed to exist in Canada.","Canadian range is from southern Ontario west through Manitoba and Saskatchewan. There are 13 subpopulations (12 extant, 1 presumed extirpated).",There is insufficient data available to determine population and extent of occurrence trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Baikal sedge,Carex sabulosa,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,5/8/2012,4/1/2016,4/1/2016,Maintain at least 11 of the known populations in Yukon. Prevent a decline in the extent of occurrence.,Population trends at all but the Carcross dune systems have probably remained roughly stable or declined slightly in recent years. Numbers have probably declined more substantially at the Carcross dunes. There is an observed continued decline in the extent of occurrence and number of locations.,"The number of mature individuals, the extent of occurrence and the number of locations have declined.",No Banded cord-moss,Entosthodon fascicularis,Moss,Special Concern,8/11/2011,5/1/2015,5/1/2015,Maintain known populations in British Columbia. ,Population trends are unknown. ,Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Banded killifish (Newfoundland population),Fundulus diaphanus,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,5/25/2011,5/1/2014,9/2/2022,Maintain existing population levels and distribution.,"No data are available with regard to population trends. A single population estimate, for the Indian Bay watershed site with 12 529 to 40 201 individuals, is the only abundance data available. Populations at Loch Leven and Freshwater Pond have been described as abundant. Although data are limited, there is no indication of decline in either the number of populations or abundance within populations.",Population appears to be stable. No indication of decline in either the number of populations or abundance within populations.,Yes Band-tailed pigeon,Patagioenas fasciata,Bird,Special Concern,12/23/2019,4/1/2021,,The management objective is to maintain the Canadian population at its current size and distribution.,"There is an estimated 43,000 to 300,000 number of mature individuals that can be found in western British Columbia. The Breeding Bird Survey has documented significant long-term declines, with the past three generations declining by about 11.5%. The continental Christmas Bird Counts trend shows relative stability over the long term and an increase over the last decade. It also noted a decline of about 80% over three generations for Canada but this could reflect a population decline or a southward shift in wintering areas. Mineral site surveys show a decline of up to 43.5% over three generations, although small sample sizes and possible site abandonment means this must be considered as a maximum. Overall the weight of evidence indicates an ongoing population decline of Band-tailed Pigeon in Canada.",The weight of evidence from the various surveys indicates an ongoing population decline of Band-tailed Pigeon in Canada.,No Banff Springs snail,Physella johnsoni,Mollusc,Endangered,2/14/2007,4/1/2018,12/21/2022,"Restore self-sustaining snail populations and habitat within historic range, where and when possible. The Recovery Strategy was amended in Nov 2010. No changes were made to the recovery goals established in 2007.","Populations have been successfully restored to all viable sites within the species historic range (i.e., Kidney Spring and Upper Middle Spring). All restored and original populations of Banff Springs Snail are self-sustaining. ","Data from the monitoring program show that both original and reintroduced populations are self-sustaining, while exhibiting a characteristic oscillating pattern of population increases and decreases both within and among years. Between 2018 and 2022, the population trend was positive for most springs except for Lower Middle Spring and Kidney springs. They are persisting in all 8 viable sites, including the 2 reintroduction sites.",Yes Basking shark (Pacific population),Cetorhinus maximus,"Fish, marine",Endangered,7/26/2011,4/1/2018,9/13/2018,To see positive growth and promote the long-term viability of a naturally-producing population. ,"The early historic and scientific record for Basking Sharks is limited but consistently describes the Pacific population of Basking Shark as abundant and widely spread, with a minimum historic population of 750 individuals off the coast of British Columbia. At present, Basking Sharks appear infrequently in Canadian Pacific waters. There were 36 confirmed or reliable Basking Shark sightings reported from 1996-2016.",Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Bearded owl-clover,Triphysaria versicolor,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,8/11/2006,11/1/2011,11/1/2011,"Maintain or enhance the 7 existing populations, increasing smaller ones. Establish 1 experimental population with an average annual population size of at least 300 flowering individuals.","The estimated number of plants is between about 4000 and more than 100 000, reflecting the difficulty of estimating population sizes for this species. The number of plants varies from year to year and trends cannot be determined.","Due to a lack of reliable counts and the sizeable fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, current population trends cannot be determined. ",Insufficient data to determine trends Bear's-foot sanicle,Sanicula arctopoides,"Vascular Plant, Herb",Threatened,8/11/2006,11/1/2015,11/1/2015,Maintain all 8 existing populations or subpopulations at no less than their current levels of abundance. Restore at least 2 extirpated populations or establish at least 2 new populations.,"When assessed in 2015, the population was estimated at about 2 900 mature individuals in 9 extant subpopulations. Only 1 subpopulation is large. Habitat information suggests there has probably been a decline. The subpopulation at Cattle Point has been lost since 2001.",There has probably been a decline in the size of the total population. One subpopulation has been lost.,No Beluga whale (St. Lawrence Estuary population),Delphinapterus leucas,Mammal,Endangered,3/27/2012,11/1/2014,8/23/2022,"Increase the population size to 7,070 individuals, or 70% of its historical size. In order to have an intermediate population objective, an objective of 1,000 mature individuals was also determined.","Since the early 2000s, the population has declined slowly, with an estimated total population of 889 in 2012. Since then, new data on population health and demography as well as seasonally important habitats have been acquired. In addition, correction factors for photographic and aerial survey estimates have been revised. Updating this information improved the accuracy of the abundance of the SLE beluga population, which was estimated to 1,850 individuals (95% confidence interval: 1,500 to 2,200) in 2022 (DFO 2023).","Until 2007, the estimated trajectories between the two models of population are consistent and indicate a decline. However, they diverge afterwards. The new model shows an upward trajectory rather than a downward trend later, possibly related to the decrease in cancer incidence. The population appears to have stabilized between 2018 and 2022, likely due to the poor survival of calves and pregnant females for more than a decade, which is presumably to have had a negative impact on population growth (DFO 2023).",Yes Bert's predaceous diving beetle,Sanfilippodytes bertae,Insect,Endangered,2/17/2017,12/1/2022,,To maintain occupancy at the two extant occurrences and any newly-discovered occurrences.,No additional data found since the last assessment. The species is found in 2 extant and 2 historical sites.,"Insufficient data to reliably infer, project, or suspect population trends.",Insufficient data to determine trends Bicknell's thrush,Catharus bicknelli,Bird,Threatened,7/30/2020,12/1/2022,,"2020 to 2030: To slow the decline in its population while ensuring that no more than 10% of the population is lost, and enssure that no decrease occurs in the species' extent of occurrence throughout its range in Canada. Post-2030: To ensure a positive population trend over 10 years throughout its range in Canada, as well as a positive trend in the species' biological area of occupancy, throughout its range in Canada.","The Canadian population is estimated to be about 21,300-91,000 mature individuals. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals based on trend estimates. Populations in Quebec and Nova Scotia are predicted to decline. Observations are insufficient in New Brunswick to determine trends.",The population continues to decline overall and is expected to decline by 34.2% over 10 years.,No Black-footed ferret,Mustela nigripes,Mammal,Extirpated,6/19/2009,11/1/2021,3/7/2023,Establish a wild population of black-footed ferrets that has at least an 80 percent probability of persisting for 20 years.,"The species was reintroduced to Grassland National Park in 2009, with subsequent releases in 2010-2012. Although the reintroduction demonstrated many successes, a concurrent decline observed in the Black-tailed Prairie Dog population as a result of unknown factors led to the suspension of releases in 2013. Intensive monitoring in Grasslands National Park provides strong evidence that Black-footed Ferret no longer exists in the wild in Canada.",Reintroduction was attempted over multiple years and did not result in establishing a Canadian population.,No Blackstripe topminnow,Fundulus notatus,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,10/19/2009,5/1/2012,4/26/2022,"Maintain, or enhance, existing populations and improve the quality and quantity of their associated habitats.",It is difficult to establish viable estimates of population size and distribution in the absence of detailed abundance records.,Further monitoring and assessment should be conducted to refine the extent of the distributions for these species and determine their abundance.,Insufficient data to determine trends Black-tailed prairie dog,Cynomys ludovicianus,Mammal,Threatened,8/9/2021,11/1/2024,3/14/2018,"By 2040, at least 80% probability of persistence of the Canadian black-tailed prairie dog population over 50 years (i.e., 2040-2090) within its known range in Canada, and maintain: i) a minimum area of occupancy of 1,400 ha, measured as a moving average over a 6-year period, distributed across a minimum of 20 prairie dog colonies currently existing; ii) a minimum average population density of 7.5 individuals/ha, measured as a moving average over a 6-year period across visual count plots.","Black-tailed prairie dogs are restricted to about 25 colonies in and around the Grasslands National Park in southern Saskatchewan. The area occupied by black-tailed prairie dogs is 472 km2 (47,200 ha) and has remained relatively consistent over last 30 years. The population has fluctuated over the two most recent generations, but has not declined. An overall population trend is difficult to determine. The probability of persistence is approximately 0.7 with large credible intervals (0.1 to 1). All colonies remain active.",Prairie dog population densities are on target for meeting long term recovery document objectives through active management and monitoring.,Yes Blanchard's cricket frog (also Northern Cricket Frog),Acris blanchardi,Amphibian,Endangered,2/16/2011,5/1/2024,,Determine if the Blanchard's cricket frog is still present in its Canadian range. Determine whether suitable habitat for reintroduction still exists.,Extensive surveys have been conducted at suitable and known Blanchard's cricket frog sites. It is extremely unlikely that the species persists in Canada.,No new sightings of this species in Canada have been recorded.,Operational goals Blanding's turtle (Nova Scotia population),Emydoidea blandingii,Reptile,Endangered,2/8/2012,11/1/2016,6/8/2022,Achieve a self-sustaining population over the current Nova Scotia range. Maintain or increase recruitment and adult survivorship.,"The slow life-history of this long-lived species means that this population has not yet recovered from mortality occurring decades ago. However, recovery efforts have increased the number of young turtles in the main population. Over 2017 and 2022, adult survival increased from 98.56% to 99.8% and 8 nesting females were recruited in Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada.","Adult numbers have continued to decline but recovery efforts have increased the number of young turtles. In Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Parks of Canada, adult survival and recruitment have increased.",Mixed evidence Blue whale (Northwest Atlantic population),Balaenoptera musculus,Mammal,Endangered,2/2/2010,5/1/2012,4/18/2016,Reach a population size of 1000 mature individuals.,A total of 16 blue whales were sighted during a 2007 Department of Fisheries and Oceans survey. Too few sightings were obtained to derive an estimate of abundance but the low number of sightings is consistent with previous estimates suggesting there are fewer than 250 mature individuals. No trend has been evident. A total of 402 individual blue whales have been identified in the Gulf of St. Lawrence between 1980–2008. It is unclear whether they were mature individuals or not. An 11% yearly increase in sightings was documented in the Gully over the 23-year period.,The population is estimated to contain fewer than 250 mature individuals; however further data on changes in population size is needed to determine if progress has been made.,Insufficient data to determine trends Blue whale (Pacific population),Balaenoptera musculus,Mammal,Endangered,7/14/2006,5/1/2012,1/19/2022,Maintain or increase the relative proportions of blue whales in Pacific Canadian waters compared to the whole population through to 2016. Attain a long-term viable population of blue whales that use Canadian Pacific waters.,There is insufficient data to determine relative proportion of blue whales in Canadian Pacific waters compared to the whole Pacific population.,The number of blue whales using Canadian Pacific waters has not been estimated. The relative proportion of Blue Whales is yet unknown because of the limited number of observations gathered since commercial whaling ceased.,Insufficient data to determine trends Bluntnose sixgill shark,Hexanchus griseus,"Fish, marine",Special Concern,4/23/2012,4/1/2007,2/21/2022,Maintain viable populations and prevent a decline to levels at which they would become Threatened or Endangered.,The present population size and abundance trends are not known. Further data collection is necessary before an index of relative abundance can be created that will reflect actual abundance.,"More work needs to be completed in order to increase our understanding of the stock structure, habitat, and diet requirements of Bluntnose Sixgill Sharks to ensure the continued conservation of the species.",Insufficient data to determine trends Bolander's quillwort,Isoetes bolanderi,"Vascular plant, herb",Threatened,2/7/2011,4/1/2006,10/11/2024,"Maintain the three self-sustaining populations (Summit Lake, Upper and Lower Boundary Creek Ponds) and, if feasible, to restore the extirpated population (Carthew Pond).","In 2019, all populations at Summit Lake, Lower and Upper Boundary Ponds are present and stable. Historic records have not been confirmed for a possibly extirpated Carthew population, therefore restoration is not currently feasible or appropriate.",The three existing populations have been maintained.,Yes Boreal felt lichen (Atlantic population),Erioderma pedicellatum,Lichen,Endangered,6/20/2007,11/1/2014,11/1/2014,Maintain thalli and habitat at sites where Boreal felt lichen is known to occur.,Eleven of the 41 occurrences found between 2003 and 2011 are now extirpated. These declines are projected to continue in the future.,Both the number of occurrences and number of individuals are declining. Available habitat has declined between 1988 and 2005.,No Boreal felt lichen (Boreal population),Erioderma pedicellatum,Lichen,Special Concern,9/8/2010,11/1/2014,12/23/2022,"Maintain and enhance where necessary, self-sustaining populations within the species' current geographic distribution.","Increases are occurring in some areas, and declines in others. Conclusions about trends are complicated by the discovery of many thalli in new areas as a result of increased search effort.",It is not clear whether observed increases at some sites offset the declines observed at other sites.,Mixed evidence Bowhead whale (Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort population),Balaena mysticetus,Mammal,Special Concern,2/18/2014,4/1/2009,1/31/2022,To maintain a healthy population of bowhead whale in the Canadian Beaufort Sea by protecting bowhead whale and bowhead whale habitat.,Overall indications are that the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort population of bowhead whale continues to increase.,"More recent information, such as the understanding of the short-term positive impacts of climate change and the 2011 ice-based abundance estimate, supports the overall notion that the condition of the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort population of bowhead whale is not as poor as suggested by the information available at the time of either the 2005 or 2009 COSEWIC assessments. Reductions in human activity (primarily oil and gas development) in the Canadian Beaufort Sea are also contributing to substantial progress towards achieving the management objectives.",Yes Bridle shiner,Notropis bifrenatus,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,6/20/2011,5/1/2013,4/12/2017,"Maintain and enhance populations and their habitats, to ensure that viable populations are present throughout the species' current and historic range in Canada. ","Population sizes have not been estimated in Canada, and trends are difficult to determine due, in part, to difficulties in species identification. It has been found at many new locations, likely due increased identification of the species rather than an increase in range. ",Population sizes have not been estimated in Canada. ,Insufficient data to determine trends Brook floater,Alasmidonta varicosa,Mollusc,Special Concern,3/8/2018,12/1/2022,,"Maintain a viable, self-sustaining brook floater population in Canada at current and new locations (including historical sites should they become naturally re-established).","While there appear to be changes in the number of individuals at specific locations, the total number of mature individuals of the brook floater since the last report is unknown. There is also scientific uncertainty about the minimum number of mature individuals needed to constitute a viable population or subpopulation.","There may be long-term changes in the quality and extent of habitat, but due to the lack of repeated standardized sampling, it is not possible to estimate a population trend or to determine if there are extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. There are insufficient data to determine trends.",Insufficient data to determine trends Brook spike-primrose,Epilobium torreyi,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,6/21/2013,11/1/2018,11/1/2018,Maintain habitat at Craigflower Meadow site while feasibility of population restoration is assessed. Establish and/or augment populations to increase abundance and distribution 4 if determined to be feasible and biologically appropriate for brook spike-primrose.,No individuals have been found at either of the two sites since 1993. Possible viable seeds are in the soil and may germinate when conditions are right.,No individuals have been found at either of the two sites since 1993,Operational goals Buffalograss,Bouteloua dactyloides,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,11/20/2007,11/1/2011,11/1/2011,Maintain the persistence of all naturally occurring populations in Canada.,"The size of each buffalograss clone fluctuates with changes in moisture and nutrients, expanding when availability is high and contracting when it is low. The population is now known to be considerably larger than was estimated in 1998, likely reflecting increased survey effort. Whether buffalograss in Canada has been spreading or declining is unknown.",Population trends in Canada are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Bull trout (Saskatchewan - Nelson Rivers populations),Salvelinus confluentus,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,9/10/2020,5/1/2025,6/21/2023,"To protect, maintain and recover bull trout to self-sustaining populations where recovery is likely, within the recovery area.","Unknown, Projection from Threats Calculator 10–70%, but insufficient data to reliably project, infer, or suspect population trends.","insufficient data to reliably project, infer, or suspect population trends.",Insufficient data to determine trends Burrowing owl,Athene cunicularia,Bird,Endangered,5/25/2012,4/1/2017,4/1/2017,"Reverse population declines. Maintain a self-perpetuating, well-distributed population of at least 3000 breeding pairs. Re-establish wild breeding populations in British Columbia and Manitoba.",Populations declined from at least 795 individuals in 2004 to 270 in 2015. A few owls from captive breeding and release programs in British Columbia and Manitoba have been sighted in the wild.,Populations are declining but owls have been reintroduced to previous parts of their range.,Mixed evidence Butler's gartersnake,Thamnophis butleri,Reptile,Endangered,12/6/2018,11/1/2024,,"The population and distribution objective for Butler’s gartersnake is to maintain the current abundance and distribution of all extant subpopulations. Where biologically and technically feasible, the distribution and abundance of extant subpopulations should be increased and habitat connectivity between local subpopulations improved. ","The estimated total Canadian population of the Butler's gartersnake is 6,557–23,603 adults. The species is now considered extirpated in Skunk's Misery, Lake St. Clair shoreline, and Parkhill Creek. Results of targeted and incidental surveys indicate a recent decline of approximately 29% in the number of historically occupied sites in Windsor-Essex and Sarnia-Lambton since the previous status assessment in 2010. Range-wide, the Index Area of Occupancy has declined by 20-34% and EOO has declined by 31% since the previous assessment. The number of extant Butler's gartersnake subpopulations in Canada is 40% lower than the number considered extant in the 2010 status assessment. ","Population and distribution of the Butler's gartersnake has declined since the previous assessment, including a 20-34% reduction in IAO and loss of several extant subpopulations. ",No Butternut,Juglans cinerea,"Vascular plant, tree",Endangered,10/1/2010,4/1/2017,4/1/2017,"Ensure conditions that will allow for the restoration of viable, ecologically functioning, and broadly distributed populations within its current range.","Butternut populations may not be currently viable due to high rates of infection and mortality caused by the butternut canker. Restoration requires disease-free butternut stands or trees. At present, the conditions required to achieve and ensure disease-free populations are unknown.",n/a,Operational goals Canada warbler,Cardellina canadensis,Bird,Threatened,3/4/2016,11/1/2020,,"Short-term objective: halt the national decline by 2025, while ensuring the population does not decrease more than 10% over this time. Long-term objective: ensure a positive 10-year population trend. Distribution objective: maintain current extent of occurence.","Their population is estimated to be between 2 million and 10.4 million individuals. The Breeding Bird Survey results for Canada indicate there was a 51% population decline between 1970 and 2019, but has seen an improving trend since 2003. There was a 46% cumulative increase between 2009 and 2019, which restored the population to mid-1990s levels. Breeding Bird Survey data from 2009 to 2019 indicate that declines have reversed in Quebec, northern and southern Ontario, northern and eastern Manitoba and Saskatchewan but declines continue in Alberta, central Ontario and the Maritimes.",The population has increased nationally in the last decade. There is no observed decline in the extent of occurrence.,Yes Caribou (Atlantic-Gaspésie population),Rangifer tarandus,Mammal,Endangered,11/20/2007,11/1/2014,11/1/2014,Establish a population of 150 caribou by 2007 and 175 by 2012 with calves making up 17% of the total population.,"The population declined from an estimated 274 animals (219 mature) in 1983, to 214 (174 mature) in 2007, and to 130 (112 mature) in 2013.",Population size and distribution are declining.,No Caribou (Boreal population),Rangifer tarandus,Mammal,Threatened,12/22/2020,11/1/2014,5/10/2024,Goal: to achieve self-sustaining local populations in all 51 Boreal caribou ranges. Objectives: Maintain the current status of the 15 existing self-sustaining local populations. Stabilize and achieve self-sustaining status for the 36 not self-sustaining local populations.,"Despite considerable conservation efforts, range-wide declines have continued. Data is only available for 26 populations of which 8 are increasing, 8 are stable and 10 are declining.",Most local populations are declining.,No Caribou (Northern Mountain population),Rangifer tarandus caribou,Mammal,Special Concern,5/10/2012,5/1/2014,5/1/2002,"Prevent the Northern Mountain population from becoming Threatened or Endangered by maintaining and recovering herds, as well as their preserving their natural habitat.","Forty-five subpopulations range from west-central British Columbia to the Yukon and western Northwest Territories. Numbers in Canada are about 45 000 adults. There is little long-term trend information, and many current estimates are based on survey data more than 5 years old. Two subpopulations are thought to be increasing, 7 are stable and 9 are declining. The condition of the remaining 27 subpopulations is unknown. The 2 largest subpopulations, comprising 26 to 29% of the estimated population, are thought to be stable. All stable or increasing subpopulations are located in the northern part of the range, whereas 9 in the southern part of the range have declined by 26% since the last assessment. ","Northern herds are stable or increasing, while southern herds are declining. Survey data are dated and incomplete.",Mixed evidence Carmine shiner,Notropis percobromus,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,10/24/2013,4/1/2018,7/22/2022,"Maintain populations at their current abundance and distribution within the Whitemouth, Birch and Winnipeg river systems.","There is no evidence to date that populations have suffered any serious decline in abundance or distribution over time. However, there is a projected decline in population over the next 10 years. The COSEWIC status changed from Threatened in 2006 to Endangered in 2018.",The population appears to be stable.,Yes Chestnut-collared longspur,Calcarius ornatus,Bird,Endangered,11/24/2017,11/1/2019,11/1/2019,The population and distribution objectives for the chestnut-collared longspur are to: 1) Ensure that the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) trend for the Canadian population is either stable or increasing in the next 15 years (2016-2030). 2) Ensure that the population size and distribution of the chestnut-collared longspur is at or above mean abundance levels found during the 1980–1989 time period in each of the prairie provinces by 2045.,Canadian population estimate for 2019 is approximately 680 000 mature individuals with a range of uncertainty of 360 000 to 1.2 million. Canadian long-term population trend from 1970-2017 is estimated at -6.6% per year for a cumulative decrease of 96%. Canadian short-term population trend from 2007-2017 is estimated at -7.3% per year for a cumulative total decrease of 52.9%.,Short-term trends in Canada show accelerating declines. The population trend has not stabilized.,No Coastal wood fern,Dryopteris arguta,"Vascular plant, fern",Special Concern,8/11/2011,4/1/2021,11/1/2001,"The long-term management goal is to maintain all known populations at no less than their current size and to maintain the species' current distribution and area of occupancy in British Columbia. The management objectives are: (1) to establish stewardship of all known populations; (2) to assess the extent of the main threats (housing development/habitat conversion, recreational activities, and invasive alien plants) to the populations; (3) to clarify the distribution of the coastal wood fern in British Columbia; (4) to increase public awareness of the existence and conservation value of the coastal wood fern in areas with suitable habitat; and (5) to address knowledge gaps that prevent effective management of coastal wood fern (e.g., determine population trends, extent of occurrence, habitat attributes, type of reproduction, dispersal capabilities, genetic composition, significance of threats and natural disturbance) to ensure that populations remain at self-sustaining levels.","In Canada, coastal wood fern is limited to Denman and Hornby islands and several small islands in the Ballenas-Winchelsea group off the coast of Nanoose. There is one subpopulation on southeastern Vancouver Island. In 2018, the Canadian population was between 10,445 to 16,780 crowns or mature individuals. A count in 2007 for eight of the subpopulations observed 5673 plants (compared to 7830 for the same subpopulations counted in 2018). The difference in counts between years is due to a difference in counting techniques. Habitat destruction was not observed at any of the known sites and the current area occupied is similar to previous observations. ",No significant increase or decrease has been inferred since the 2007 survey.,Yes Coastrange sculpin (Cultus population) (also cultus pygmy sculpin),Cottus aleuticus,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,10/4/2007,11/1/2019,3/8/2023,"Recovery goal: Ensure the long-term viability of the population in the wild. Objectives: 1. Foster awareness of Cultus pygmy sculpin and its conservation status. Encourage active local involvement in stewardship and habitat protection. 2. Maintain, and where possible enhance, the ecological integrity of habitat for Cultus pygmy sculpin. 3. Increase scientific understanding of Cultus pygmy sculpin through additional investigation of its natural history, critical habitat and threats to its persistence.",Abundance and trends are unknown.,"Species data has been limited to bycatch from salmon trawl surveys or periodic minnow trapping which provide catch-per-unit-effort results; no firm conclusions can be drawn on abundance based on limited sampling data. Abundance is not a performance measure for recovery objectives, therefore has not been a focus for recovery activities. Recovery objectives are not based on abundance trends, therefore analyses have not been made. There are insufficient data to determine trends.",Operational goals Cobblestone tiger beetle,Cicindela marginipennis,Insect,Endangered,7/23/2013,4/1/2021,11/1/2008,Maintain the current distribution at all eight known sites. Quantification of population objectives for this species is not possible at this time.,"There are 7 subpopulations found in New Brunswick, with a minimum of 37 sites in Canada. It is estimated that there is 11,093 to 14,333 individuals. There are insufficient data to estimate population trends. The four Grand Lake Complex sites show a general pattern of high subpopulations between 2003 and 2005, relatively low populations in 2013, 2015 and 2016 and relatively high populations in 2018 and 2019.",There is insufficient data to estimate population trends in Canada.,Insufficient data to determine trends Coeur d'Alene salamander,Plethodon idahoensis,Amphibian,Special Concern,2/3/2017,4/1/2021,11/1/2007,Maintain a stable population across its distribution in British Columbia.,There has been no effort made to determine population size or trends. Detection rates can be extremely variable between surveys which makes any estimate of population size difficult. Population trends and fluctuations are unknown.,There is insufficient information to determine population trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Columbia sculpin,Cottus hubbsi,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,1/24/2012,11/1/2019,9/21/2022,"Management goal: Ensure long-term viability of this species across its extant distribution in the wild. Management objectives: 1. Maintain self-sustaining populations of Columbia sculpin throughout its natural range in Canada. 2. Maintain, and where possible enhance the ecological integrity of habitat for Columbia sculpin. 3. Increase scientific understanding of Columbia sculpin through additional investigation of its natural history, habitat requirements and threats to its persistence. 4. Foster awareness of Columbia sculpin and its conservation status. ",Abundance data are scarce and mostly anecdotal. Most subpopulations in large Columbia River tributaries are assumed to be stable or declined slightly. Trends are unknown.,"Existing data on abundance are scarce and mostly anecdotal, and population fluctuations and trends cannot be quantified due to lack of a time-series of comparable population estimates. However, a decline in numbers at some of the known sites in the Similkameen system is inferred from changes in distribution due to habitat loss. Sub-populations in the Columbia River and its tributaries appear to be stable or have declined slightly, but are not being monitored.",Operational goals Columbian carpet moss,Bryoerythrophyllum columbianum,Moss,Special Concern,2/17/2012,11/1/2014,11/1/2014,Maintain known populations.,Detailed population data do not exist; new occurrences have been located and some may be extirpated.,Detailed population data do not exist.,Insufficient data to determine trends Common hoptree,Ptelea trifoliata,"Vascular plant, tree",Special Concern,4/17/2012,11/1/2015,11/1/2015,"Maintain populations in 7 core areas. Ensure that the number of mature individuals does not decline below 1000 and where feasible, increase smaller populations that are currently considered unviable.","Population trend is unknown but, within sites where subpopulation data are available, the number of mature individuals appears to have increased by approximately 200%. Numbers at 9 sites are increasing, 3 sites were extirpated, 34 sites lack trend information, 11 previously undocumented sites were recorded and 2 of the 3 sites identified as extirpated in 2002 were rediscovered.","Some subpopulations have increased, some were extirpated and previously undocumented sites were recorded.",Mixed evidence Contorted-pod evening-primrose,Camissonia contorta,"Vascular Plant, herb",Endangered,9/12/2011,,12/21/2023,"1. Maintain the known extent of occurrence for the species in Canada (by 2015). 2. Maintain population sizes for all extant locations at current or higher levels (by 2015). 3. Ensure all eight extant populations reach, and are maintained at, no less than their minimum viable population size (by 2020). 4. Establish one additional population (to replace the single known extirpated population) at a site with suitable habitat within the known range of the species in Canada, and maintain it at no less than its minimum viable population size (by 2020). ","In Sidney Spit, the five-year average population has increased to 33843 plants (2022) from 1551 plants (2016). Distribution has also increased from 2017 extent. No information is available for the other 7 populations.","Population counts are known for only 1 of 8 populations, and as such, there is insufficient data available to calculate trends.",Insufficient data to determine trends Copper redhorse,Moxostoma hubbsi,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,6/20/2012,5/1/2014,5/26/2022,Attain a population of 4000 mature individuals by 2032. ,"Artificial spawning has been successful, allowing roughly 760,000 larvae and 99,000 autumn fry (young-of-the-year) of the species to be stocked in the Richelieu River between 2012 and 2018.","Implementation of measures in the recovery strategy is producing encouraging results regarding the Copper Redhorse population status. In the next few years, juveniles introduced through stocking initiatives should contribute significantly to population inventories, while naturally spawned juveniles should gradually increase. Certain performance indicators (e.g. Juvenile Copper Redhorse represent 3% of redhorse in Richelieu river; maintain at least 2 spawning grounds) have been met and are ongoing; other performance indicators are ""not met"" as insufficient time has passed to be able to meaure the performance indicator due to the longevity of the species. ",Insufficient data to determine trends Cryptic paw lichen,Nephroma occultum,Lichen,Special Concern,9/18/2012,5/1/2019,5/1/2019,"Goal is to maintain all known extant populations of cryptic paw lichen in British Columbia. Objectives: habitat protection, inventory suitable habitat, mitigate threats and clarify population demographics and establish monitoring protocols.","Total subpopulations from habitat-based estimates are for the Interior BC 1,351 thalli, Northwestern BC 2,294 thalli and Coastal BC 7,557 thalli. Projected decline of at least 30% over 60 years.",Projected trends in habitat loss and edge effects project a decline of more than 30% in 60 years,No Cucumber tree,Magnolia acuminata,"Vascular plant, tree",Endangered,6/20/2007,4/1/2010,4/1/2010,"By 2012, protect existing natural populations and their habitats. By 2032, increase population size to 50 reproductive individuals in at least 2 sites within each of 2 regions.","Overall, populations appear to be at a steady state, with several sites showing increases and some decreases. The estimated number of canopy trees (excludes saplings and seedlings) has increased from fewer than 50 trees in 1984, to 186 in 1998−2001, to 188 in 2008.",Ontario populations appear to be at a steady state. Large trees have increased in number.,Yes Dakota skipper,Hesperia dacotae,Insect,Endangered,11/20/2007,5/1/2014,5/1/2014,Maintain current population numbers and prevent any further loss of populations or distribution.,"In 2012, population size in Canada was estimated to be 14,000 individuals in 3 population centres. This is a decrease from 2002, when the population size was estimated between 28,500 and 40,500 individuals in 3 or 4 populations.",Population has declined.,No Deepwater sculpin (Great Lakes - Western St. Lawrence populations),Myoxocephalus thompsonii ,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,12/22/2016,4/1/2017,,Ensure the long-term persistence of deepwater sculpin throughout its current and historical distribution in the Great Lakes – Western St. Lawrence DU.,"Population estimates for deepwater sculpin in Canada are not available. Outside of efforts in the Great Lakes (predominately in American waters), deepwater sculpin has not been sampled extensively in a standardized manner and, hence, estimating population sizes and trends is not possible at this time.",Population sizes have not been estimated in Canada. ,Insufficient data to determine trends Deerberry,Vaccinium stamineum,"Vascular plant, tree",Threatened,12/14/2010,11/1/2020,11/1/2000,"Recovery goal: to ensure that deerberry persists in its natural habitat at known sites with no decline in population sizes over the short term and with increases in both number of populations and population sizes until it is deemed that the species is no longer at risk in either of the two regions where it is found in Ontario. Population and distribution objectives: Halt the decline of mature individuals and number of populations. Increase the number of populations to 10 or more, if introduction or re-introduction of ""new"" populations is deemed feasible. ","There are five extant subpopulations in Canada, with four naturally occurring and one as the result of successful introduction. In 2018, 3743 stems were present at five extant sites with the Niagara subpopulation (Whirlpool Gorge) having only 6 stems. There was a successful addition of a new subpopulation at Georgina Island in the Thousand Islands National Park (TINP). ","While there was the successful introduction of 1 subpopulation, the Whirlpool Gorge subpopulation is in a precarious state with only 6 stems.",Mixed evidence Deltoid balsamroot,Balsamorhiza deltoidea,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,8/11/2006,4/1/2009,4/1/2009,Maintain existing populations at their current levels of abundance or greater. Restore Deltoid Balsamroot to its approximate historical extent of occurrence and area of occupancy and establish at least 2 new self-sustaining populations.,"In 2007 there were 1589 plants in Canada that were large enough to flower. Most populations appear to be relatively stable since 1996. However, the largest population declined from a peak of about 1700 plants in 1992 to 345 plants in 2007, as a result of commercial development of the site. The sharp decline at this site accounts for most of a 35 to 40% decline in the total Canadian population since 1996.",There is a sharp decline in the total Canadian population.,No Dusky dune moth,Copablepharon longipenne,Insect,Endangered,12/23/2015,4/1/2022,,"Maintain or increase the current distribution of the species at all confirmed and natural locations, as well as at any additional natural locations discovered in the future.","For the past decade, the number of sites occupied by dusky dune moth in Canada appears to be stable but has declined from historical levels. A minimum of two subpopulations have gone extirpated in the last century and likely a third (Dominion Sand Hills) is also extirpated since there is little open sand habitat remaining. There is not enough data available to estimate the abundance of subpopulations or the Canada-wide population.","While the number of known sites occupied appear to be stable, there are likely other unrecorded Canadian subpopulations where the status is unknown.",Insufficient data to determine trends Dwarf wedgemussel,Alasmidonta heterodon,Mollusc,Extirpated,9/27/2007,11/1/2021,,Not feasible,Extirpated 1968.,n/a,Not feasible Eastern foxsnake (Carolinian population),Pantherophis vulpinus,Reptile,Endangered,3/26/2020,11/1/2021,1/7/2022,"Maintain the current abundance, area of occupancy of the eastern foxsnake (Carolinian population) and, where feasible, increase habitat connectivity within local populations.","The Carolinian population is about 4,150 to 7,230 mature individuals. In Point Pelee National Park, Eastern Foxsnakes captured and monitored opportunistically by park staff ranged from a low of 12 in 2020 to a high of 33 in 2017. A mark-recapture study at the Ojibway Prairie Complex from 2011 to 2018 showed a significant decline in abundance followed an increase in 2014 and 2015. The total subpopulation size apprears to have stabilized and was similar in the 2016 to 2018 period as in the 2011 to 2013 period. At Rondeau Provincial Park, a mark-recapture study from 2013 to 2019 showed a decline in abundance from about 100 to 50 mature individuals but this decline was not statistically significant and could be due to a reduction in survey area in later years. At Long Point, a decline in observations between 1990s and 2000s suggests a decline; however, the surveys were not standardized and the decline could be due to other factors. At Middle Island, Point Pelee National Park, abundance seems to have declined over time over time. There is an inferred and projected decline in the number of mature individuals and in extent of occurence.","There is little data on decline rates over the past three-generations. Short term data from 4 sites showed 2 were stable and 2 appeared to be in decline. However, one of the sites had extensive threat mitigation and the others were in protected areas. ",Insufficient data to determine trends Eastern foxsnake (Great Lakes / St. Lawrence population),Pantherophis vulpinus,Reptile,Endangered,3/26/2020,11/1/2021,12/29/2021,"Maintain the current abundance, area of occupancy, and habitat connectivity within local populations of the eastern foxsnake (Great Lakes/St. Lawrence population).","The Great Lakes / St. Lawrence popuation has about 1,180 to 2,190 mature individuals. There is no information on subpopulation trends. There has been an increase in the discovery of previously undocumented hibernation sites. There is an inferred and projected decline in the number of mature individuals.",n/a,Insufficient data to determine trends Eastern hog-nosed snake,Heterodon platirhinos,Reptile,Threatened,3/31/2009,4/1/2021,11/1/2007,"The recovery strategy goal is the long-term persistence of key eastern hog-nosed snake populations throughout the range of the species in Canada. The objectives will focus on: (1) inventory and monitoring [determine current distribution of the species and the number of protected areas with extant populations; and implement a standardized monitoring method]; (2) research [fill knowledge gaps regarding habitat use, population biology and threats]; (3) conservation and management [ensure the conservation through land protection, land use planning, development of regulations, enforcement of existing regulations, and development of measures to mitigate identified threats]; (4) critical habitat [define and map critical habitat and residence required to meet recovery goals for each of the Ontario population regions]; and (5) communication and stewardship [develop and deliver communication and education programs to increase awareness, land stewardship, and application of best management practices].","The upper estimate of the adult population size is 15,000. Data from two repeatedly searched sites suggest declines in abundance of more than 30% and more than 80% at those sites over the past decade. All available information points toward a decline in number of animals based on decline in available habitat and disappearance or decline from several areas. The Canadian population has likely declined in the past 20 years (3 generations) and a continuing decline is expected based on threats. There were disappearances from the Golden Horseshoe region, extensive areas of southwestern Ontario including Point Pelee, as well as Algonquin Provincial Park.",n/a,Operational goals Eastern mountain avens,Geum peckii,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,4/28/2010,4/1/2010,4/1/2010,Protect and maintain extant populations at current or greater levels of abundance with no reduction of current range. Improve conditions and enhance populations at occupied sites.,"The number of mature individuals is estimated to be less than 9000 within 2 populations (18 subpopulations); note these plants grow closely together in patches and individuals are difficult to distinguish. The area occupied in the larger population has declined due to gull nesting and tree and shrub incursion. Some sites cannot be relocated and may have disappeared. Eight new sites found since 1985 likely represent new information rather than newly occupied sites. Overall, 1 population is in decline, the other appears relatively stable.","Overall, 1 population has declined, the other appears stable.",Mixed evidence Eastern prickly pear cactus,Opuntia humifusa,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,11/30/2010,4/1/2010,3/1/2023,Maintain the number of microsites (345) in Point Pelee National Park over the next 5 years and increase total number of microsites by 5% over the next 10 years. Maintain population size (5 microsites) at Fish Point Provincial Nature Reserve on Pelee Island over the next 5 years.,"From 2018 and 2022, Fish Point microsites has decreased from 5 to 3. The number of microsites in Point Pelee National Park was last estimated in 2019-2021 to be 548 microsites, surpassing the objective of maintaining the population above 345 and increasing the number of microsites by 5% by the year 2020. ","Data shows that since 2005, the number of microsites increased significantly during the 2015-2017 monitoring period to 604 and then decreased during the latest monitoring period (2019-2022) to 548 microsites. These numbers are well above the target of increasing the population to 362 microsites, as set in the objective. ",Yes Eastern ribbonsnake (Atlantic population),Thamnophis sauritus,Reptile,Threatened,2/8/2012,11/1/2012,6/8/2022,Maintain populations at known locations. Achieve a self-sustaining population with a 95% probability of persistence across its current range. Maintain or expand the current distribution of wetlands used by eastern ribbonsnakes in southwestern Nova Scotia.,"There is limited evidence that some populations may be declining in parts of Nova Scotia. Eastern ribbonsnakes appear to have disappeared from 1 site in Nova Scotia, which in the 1980s contained the highest known density of these snakes in the province. The known extent of occurrence has increased considerably, due to increased search efforts.",Long-term population trends could not be established. There is limited evidence that some populations may be declining.,Insufficient data to determine trends Eastern sand darter (Ontario populations),Ammocrypta pellucida,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,10/19/2012,11/1/2009,9/13/2018,"Maintain self-sustaining, extant populations and to restore self-sustaining populations to formerly occupied habitats where feasible.","Two major detections of Eastern Sand Darter have been made since 2012 that significantly refine future population and distribution objectives for this species, and indicate that the distribution of Eastern Sand Darter is more widespread within Ontario than previously understood. Targeted sampling surveys for Eastern Sand Darter have been limited.","Targeted sampling surveys for Eastern Sand Darter, which are required to generate robust quantitative estimates of Eastern Sand Darter population sizes, have been limited.",Insufficient data to determine trends Eastern sand darter (Quebec populations),Ammocrypta pellucida,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,4/29/2014,11/1/2009,6/2/2022,"Short-term objective is to maintain populations throughout the species' distribution in Quebec. The objective over the longer term (i.e., 20 years) is to promote the growth of existing populations to ensure their viability and, wherever possible, to restore historical populations that have disappeared. ","The species presence has been confirmed in the six rivers from which it is historically known. The species has also been identified in an additional nine rivers. Although only a few specimens were recorded in some rivers, they are valuable new records that expand the range of the Eastern Sand Darter in Quebec. ","Significant progress has been made over the last five years in the implementation of the activities set out in the recovery strategy for the Eastern Sand Darter, Quebec populations.",Yes Eastern whip-poor-will,Antrostomus vociferus,Bird,Threatened,11/8/2018,12/1/2022,,"Short term: Population does not decrease by more than 10% (12 000 individuals) over 2018-2028 period, and maintain the area of occupancy at 3,000 km2 or above. Long term: Ensure a positive 10-year population trend starting in 2028, while favouring an increase in the area of occupancy, including the gradual recolonization of areas in the southern portion of the breeding range. ","The population in Canada is estimated to be 140,000 mature individuals, and the area of occupancy is greater than 2,000 km2. Reanalysis of trend data suggests that the decline may not have been quite as severe as thought at the time of the previous assessment, and new data suggest that abundance may now be stable or increasing. ","Population objective is met, likely due to improvements to estimation methods. Reanalysis of the trend data shows that overall, populations are either stable or increasing. The population in New Brunswick has been declining in the short- and long-term.",Mixed evidence Eastern yellow-bellied racer,Coluber constrictor flaviventris,Reptile,Threatened,10/27/2010,11/1/2015,11/1/2015,Maintain the species' distribution within Canada.,The population has declined as a result of a 2011 terrain slumping event in Grassland National Park that killed and displaced snakes from the largest known den of this subspecies in Canada.,The population has declined since 2011.,No Edwards' beach moth,Anarta edwardsii,Insect,Endangered,12/20/2017,4/1/2021,,The population and distribution goal is to ensure the persistence of Edwards’ beach moth at all extant sites (and any new sites) and maintain its current distribution within its range in British Columbia.,There are 4 extant subpopulations located on Vancouver Island. There is no Canadian population estimate. ,There is no population estimate to determine trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Enos Lake benthic threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,8/21/2019,12/1/2023,10/12/2016,The survival and recovery of the stickleback species pair in Enos Lake is not feasible because evidence suggests the Enos Lake stickleback species pair has collapsed into a single hybrid population. No population or distribution objectives have been set.,The benthic and limnetic forms of Enos Lake threespine stickleback collapsed into a single genetic and morphological hybrid form following the appearance of the American signal crayfish. Distinct limnetic and benthic forms in Enos Lake are no longer discernible.,2023 COSEWIC reassessment designated as Extinct. It is unlikely that genetically pure benthics remain in Enos Lake and there is no captive population. ,Not feasible Enos Lake limnetic threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,8/21/2019,12/1/2023,10/12/2016,The survival and recovery of the stickleback species pair in Enos Lake is not feasible because evidence suggests the Enos Lake stickleback species pair has collapsed into a single hybrid population. No population or distribution objectives have been set.,The benthic and limnetic forms of Enos Lake threespine stickleback collapsed into a single genetic and morphological hybrid form following the appearance of the American signal crayfish. Distinct limnetic and benthic forms in Enos Lake are no longer discernible.,2023 COSEWIC reassessment designated as Extinct. It is unlikely that genetically pure limnetics remain in Enos Lake and there is no captive population. ,Not feasible "Ermine, haidarum subspecies",Mustela erminea haidarum,Mammal,Threatened,7/22/2011,5/1/2015,5/1/2015,"Maintain or restore a self-sustaining, wild population across its historical range by 2036.","Recent results, when compared to historical trapping records, suggest a decline in numbers.",A historical population decline since the 1950s is inferred.,No Eskimo curlew,Numenius borealis,Bird,Endangered,6/20/2007,11/1/2009,11/1/2009,"Recovery is not feasible for this species at this time. Determination of recovery feasibility will be re-evaluated in response to changing conditions and/or knowledge (that is, if eskimo curlews are located).","Dramatic declines in numbers were observed in the 1870s to 1890s, after which eskimo curlews became very rare. No nests have been reported for over 100 years, despite extensive surveys in historical breeding areas. Although there have been a number of sightings reported in recent decades, mostly during migration, there have been no fully substantiated records since 1963, when a bird was collected in Barbados.",n/a,Not feasible False rue-anemone,Enemion biternatum,"Vascular plant, herb",Threatened,12/21/2017,4/1/2022,,"To maintain the distribution, and maintain or increase the abundance of stems at extant populations and any reconfirmed historic populations in Canada.","The Canadian population is distributed across several subpopulations and numerous sites, with most plants concentrated at two sites, representing two subpopulations. Quantitative population trend information is not available. In the past 30 years, the known population size has increased due to greater survey effort. There have been some local declines, including the presumed extirpation of three small occurances and an apparant 70% decline in the estimated number of stems at the largest patch. The extent of occurence is stable, there is an inferred decline in the index of area of occupancy.",There is insufficient data to determine population trends. There was an increase in survey effort which increased the size of the known population.,Insufficient data to determine trends Felt-leaf willow,Salix silicicola,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,12/18/2013,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,Maintain current population density and area of occupancy.,Population estimated to be 2 340 000 to 37 070 000 individuals. Potential decline in extent of occurrence based on forest ingress along western margins of William River dunes. Decline in habitat due to net conversion of open dune area to forest.,No information available to directly assess population trends,Insufficient data to determine trends Fernald's braya,Braya fernaldii,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,7/6/2012,11/1/2012,11/1/2012,Maintain populations within the current species range.,"A survey between 1996 and 2000 estimated that there were 3434 flowering Fernald's braya. The same 15 populations counted 8–12 years later contained only 1242 mature plants (a 64% decline). An additional population not known during the first survey (Green Island Brook) contained 2056 mature plant. However, the Green Island Brook population occurs in a site disturbed by human activity and may only persist by immigration from outside populations. The population size of Fernald's braya continues to decline, based on permanent monitoring plots.",Population size is declining.,No Fin whale (Atlantic population),Balaenoptera physalus ,Mammal,Special Concern,1/25/2017,5/1/2019,,The objective of the present management plan is to ensure that anthropogenic threats in Canadian waters do not provoke a decline in the population or a reduction in the currently observed Canadian range.,Fin whale abundance in the North Atlantic and North Pacific appears to be recovering following severe depletion from commercial whaling in the 20th century.,"Although no abundance trend is available for the Canadian Pacific, surveys in neighbouring US waters show increasing abundance at an annual average of 7.5% off the US mainland west coast and 4.8% off Alaska.",Yes Fin whale (Pacific population),Balaenoptera physalus,Mammal,Threatened,7/14/2006,5/1/2019,1/19/2022,Maintain or increase the relative proportions of fin whales in Canadian Pacific waters compared to the whole population through to 2016. Attain a long-term viable population of fin whales that use Canadian Pacific waters.,"Current abundance estimates are less than 1000 mature individuals, but this excludes individuals in Canadian waters beyond the continental shelf where substantial numbers were sighted in a 2018 survey.","The abundance of this large whale appears to be recovering from depletion due to industrial whaling, which ended in the mid-1970s. Additionally, populations in neighbouring United States waters are increasing and could augment the Canadian population.",Yes Five-lined skink (Carolinian population),Plestiodon fasciatus,Amphibian,Endangered,6/26/2019,4/1/2021,,The population and distribution objectives by Environment and Climate Change Canada is to ensure the long-term viability and survival.,"There are 9 extant subpopulations of the Carolinian population, totalling an estimate of between 500 and 5000 mature individuals. In the last decade, there was likely more than a 30% population decline based on an observed decline of 32% in the largest monitored subpopulation.",There was more than a 30% population decline in the last decade and a projected future decline over the next decade of 10 to 70%.,No Five-lined skink (Great Lakes/St. Lawrence population),Plestiodon fasciatus,Amphibian,Special Concern,8/5/2013,4/1/2021,,The management objective is to maintain the distribution and number of viable element occurances.,"There are 87 subpopulations on the southern fringe of the Canadian Shield, totalling >500,000 individuals. There is no multi-year population data to determine population trends. Three sites in the Georgian Bay Islands National Park appear to be decreasing based on search effort.",There is insufficient population data and search effort to determine trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Floccose tansy,Tanaisie floconneuse,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,12/18/2013,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,Maintain current population density and area of occupancy.,Population estimated to be 2 780 000 to 21 380 000 individuals in the core Athabasca sand dunes complex. Potential decline in extent of occurrence based on forest ingress along western margins of William River dunes. Decline in habitat due to net conversion of open dune area to forest.,No information available to directly assess population trends,Insufficient data to determine trends Flooded jellyskin,Leptogium rivulare,Lichen,Special Concern,2/25/2013,11/1/2015,11/1/2015,Maintain the size and distribution of currently known extant populations.,"Trends in the Canadian range or abundance cannot be assessed, owing to the scarcity of historical data. Increased search efforts have increased the number of known occurrences to 76. A former occurrence at Wawa is extirpated.",One location has been extirpated.,No Foothill sedge,Carex tumulicola,"Vascular Plant, herb",Endangered,6/21/2013,11/1/2022,12/21/2023,Maintain the seven extant populations of foothill sedge and prevent declines in the known distribution of foothill sedge populations in Canada. ,"There is an estimate 1660 to 3514 mature individuals in Canada that are distributed into 23 subpopulations. In the last 10 years, declines in the number of mature individuals have been observed at 7 subpopulations; the rest appear stable. On Sidney Island in the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, there was a significant increase of observed plants in 2019 and 2021; however, it is suspected to be a result of improved survey methods.",There was an observed loss at 7 of 23 subpopulations in the last 10 years.,No Frosted elfin,Callophrys irus,Insect,Extirpated,3/6/2019,5/1/2019,5/1/2019,Maintain and/or increase sufficient suitable habitat to support a metapopulation (20-30yrs).,Species has not been observed since 1988.,Species has not been observed since 1988.,Operational goals Frosted glass-whiskers (Nova Scotia population),Sclerophora peronella,Lichen,Special Concern,6/29/2011,11/1/2014,11/1/2014,"Maintain the 2 known Nova Scotia occurrences, as well as any other populations that are discovered in Nova Scotia.","Increased survey effort has found this species at additional sites. Although habitat availability is thought to be declining, no known sites have been lost.",Known occurrences have been maintained.,Yes Furbish's lousewort,Pedicularis furbishiae,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,6/23/2010,5/1/2011,5/1/2011,"By 2020, maintain the existing populations at a minimum of 200 individuals per segment in river segments between Grand Falls and Perth Andover, maintain the number of individuals at a minimum of 250 between the International border and Grand Falls, and maintain the number of individuals at a minimum of 250 at the upland site near Aroostook. By 2020, establish self-sustaining populations in additional river segments within its range.","Available data suggests relative stability in population numbers from 1977 to 2002, followed by possible declines between 2001–2002 and 2008–2010. Because of its dynamic habitat and poor competitive ability, local extinctions and colonization events are expected over time. Since 2003, monitoring at known sites, through restricted scope, suggest that the population may still be in decline. Changes to river dynamics, land clearing of buffer trees, recreational activities, and the introduction of invasive species have resulted in continuing population decline at the existing sites.",Populations continue to decline at existing sites. ,No Giant threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,11/10/2022,12/1/2023,,Maintain self-sustaining populations of giant threespine stickleback in Mayer and Drizzle Lake.,"The last population estimate in 2013 suggests approximately 96,000 adults in Drizzle Lake based on observations and recruitment, and over 100,000 adults in Mayer Lake based on expert opinion. Target abundance levels are 100,000 and 75,000 individuals, respectively.","Though expert opinion based on general observation suggest a stable population, per the 2023 COSEWIC reassessment, trends are not known definitively as updated population estimates are unavailable. ",Insufficient data to determine trends Gold-edged gem,Schinia avemensis,Insect,Endangered,3/13/2014,11/1/2016,11/1/2016,Maintain or increase the distribution in Canada.,"The number of occupied sites appears to be relatively stable, but likely has declined from historical levels due to habitat loss. There are too few data for useful population estimates.","There is insufficient information to determine population trends, although habitat continues to decline.",Insufficient data to determine trends Golden paintbrush,Castilleja levisecta,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,8/11/2006,11/1/2007,11/1/2007,"Attain viable, self-sustaining populations distributed throughout its historic range in Canada. Achieve a minimum of at least 9 populations, maintaining the 2 existing populations at their current levels of abundance, and establishing at least 7 new populations.","Golden paintbrush has been reported from 8 locations in Canada, only 2 of which have extant populations. Based on the most recent data there was a total of 3361 flowering plants in Canada in 2006. This appears to represent a population decline of about 25% over the past 10 years. ",Decline in population size is inconsistent with goal of attaining self-sustaining populations at existing sites. No new populations have been established.,No Goldencrest,Lophiola aurea,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,9/8/2010,5/1/2012,5/1/2012,Maintain extant populations at present levels of abundance or greater.,"The total Canadian population includes hundreds of thousands of rosettes, although the number of genetic individuals is certainly much lower. Populations occur near lakes and are almost certainly slowly declining with shoreline development.",Population size is declining slowly.,No Grass pickerel,Esox americanus vermiculatus,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,4/27/2012,11/1/2014,3/14/2024,Ensure the long-term persistence throughout its distribution in Canada. Maintain and increase existing populations. ,"The evaluation of the species' distribution and abundance in known and new areas with suitable habitats confirmed its continued presence, while sampling in new areas helped confirm/refine the extent of the species' distribution. Since 2010, grass pickerel has been detected at five new localities within Ontario and nine watercourses in Quebec that had not been historically identified as supporting grass pickerel populations. ","Knowledge of distribution of the species in Canada remains incomplete. Overall, management activities conducted from 2012 to 2017, and 2017 to 2022 have helped to provide a clearer understanding of the range and extent of grass pickerel in Canada. ",Insufficient data to determine trends Gravel chub,Erimystax x-punctatus,"Fish, freshwater",Extirpated,2/27/2008,5/1/2019,4/13/2016,"Confirm that gravel chub is no longer present, examine habitat conditions, threats and feasibility of reintroduction.",Gravel chub was not detected but permission to survey an important site was not received.,n/a,Operational goals Great basin spadefoot,Spea intermontana,Amphibian,Threatened,12/22/2017,11/1/2019,,"Recovery goal: Maintain or increase the abundance of Great Basin spadefoot in each of the six geographic areas where it occurs and to ensure connectivity within these areas. Recovery objectives: 1. Secure Great Basin spadefoot core habitats within each of the six geographic areas that it occupies. 2. Maintain or increase connectivity across the landscape within and among adjacent subpopulations. 3. Address knowledge gaps related to the distribution, breeding, terrestrial and connectivity habitat requirements, population dynamics across the landscape, impacts of priority threats, and effectiveness of recovery actions.","Size of Canadian population of Great Basin spadefoot is unknown, but probably consists of well over 10 000 individuals. Largest number of mature individuals, over 5000, is thought to be in the Okanagan region. Number of mature individuals is inferred to fluctuate more than 10-fold among years. Recent population trends are unknown due to lack of systematic surveys and long-term monitoring, but local declines have been noted, particularly in the Okanagan, following habitat loss and alteration. ",n/a,Insufficient data to determine trends Great Plains toad,Anaxyrus cognatus,Amphibian,Special Concern,1/16/2013,5/1/2023,,To maintain the current distribution of the Great Plains toad by promoting and implementing conservations measures that will reduce threats to the species.,"Population sizes and trends are unknown. There were increases between 2011 and 2019 in extent of occurrence and index of area of occupancy, but it is likely due to increases in knowledge.","Insufficient data available, but population and habitat availability are likely declining due to threats.",Insufficient data to determine trends "Greater sage grouse, urophasianus subspecies",Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus,Bird,Endangered,12/31/2014,11/1/2021,12/29/2021,"1. Immediately, stop the decline of the adult sage-grouse population in Canada. 2. In short-term, reverse the population decline, and increase the number of active leks, in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. 3. In the long-term, achieve a stable or increasing sage-grouse population in Canada of - at least 1095 adult sage-grouse, among 16 or more active leks in Alberta, and - at least 1500 adult sage-grouse, among 20 or more active leks in Saskatchewan.","Greater sage-grouse populations in Canada appear to be cyclic; which makes short-term trends difficult to assess. Number of males at active leks has rebounded somewhat from the lowest point between 2011 and 2014, but remains lower than any year before 2009. There are continued declines of mature individuals in the West Block of Grasslands National Park and an overall inferred 13% reduction in the total number of mature individuals over the last 3 generations (2009-2020). There is a decline in the number of active leks.",Population and number of active leks are in decline.,No "Greater sage-grouse, phaios subspecies",Centrocercus urophasianus phaios,Bird,Extirpated,12/20/2017,11/1/2021,,Not feasible,Has not been reported since the 1960s.,n/a,Not feasible Green-scaled willow,Salix chlorolepis,"Vascular plant, tree",Threatened,2/16/2011,11/1/2020,,Maintain the Canadian population and distribution at their current levels.,"Endemic to Quebec. The population is estimated to be less than 500 individuals divided in 4 subpopulations. There is insufficient evidence to determine population trends. There is evidence of decline in the Parc national de la Gaspésie, however it is possible that the individuals that died were disproportionately comprised of hybrids.",There is insufficient population data to determine population trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Grey whale (Atlantic population),Eschrichtius robustus,Mammal,Extirpated,9/27/2007,5/1/2022,,Not feasible,Status re-examined and designated as Extinct.,Extinct,Not feasible Grey whale (Eastern North Pacific population),Eschrichtius robustus,Mammal,Special Concern,1/13/2011,11/1/2017,11/2/2023,"Maintain the current known distribution, and migration route of grey whales in Pacific Canadian waters.",Split into two populations in November 2017 (Northern Pacific Migratory and Pacific Coast Feeding Group). The original COSEWIC designation (Eastern North Pacific population) was de-activated.,Population designation de-activated in November 2017. Split into two new DUs. Northern Pacific Migratory Population - assessed as not at risk. Pacific Coast Feeding Group population - assessed as endangered.,Insufficient data to determine trends Gulf of St. Lawrence aster,Symphyotrichum laurentianum,"Vascular Plant, herb",Threatened,10/23/2012,5/1/2023,,"To maintain and, if possible, increase the number of individuals and area of occupancy within each of the 16 occurrences identified as priority targets, including nine occurrences in Quebec, four in New Brunswick and three in Prince Edward Island.","Of 12 extant subpopulations, 3-5 subpopulations in PEI and Kouchibouguac National Parks are potentially dependent on continuing reintroductions. The number of mature individuals at the extant sites have decreased since the last species count. 13 subpopulations are likely extirpated.",Subpopulations are declining and are dependent on human intervention.,No Half-moon hairstreak,Satyrium semiluna,Insect,Endangered,6/17/2016,12/1/2022,,To ensure the persistence of half-moon hairstreak at all known extant locations (and any new locations) within the species’ range in Canada.,There is no information on the population size or trends for the Okanagan-Similkameen or Waterton Lakes populations.,Methods for calculating population estimates are not intended to provide estimates of population counts.,Insufficient data to determine trends Haller's apple moss,Bartramia halleriana,Moss,Threatened,10/20/2010,11/1/2011,11/1/2011,"Maintain or increase population sizes at all 10 existing locations. Where feasible, reintroduce the species to previous locations with suitable or capable habitat.","In November 2001, 4 populations (3 recent, 1 historic) were known. Twelve additional populations had been located by November 2011. One population has become extirpated recently with a minimum loss of 1 colony. Thus, 15 populations are confirmed extant and 1 is extirpated, for a total of 16 populations. One population appears to be declining. Currently, 9 populations appear to be stable and trends for the 5 most recently discovered populations are unknown. The current abundance estimate totals 1173 mature individuals (colonies).","Currently, 9 populations appear to be stable; trends for the 5 most recently discovered populations are unknown.",Yes Harbour porpoise (Pacific Ocean population),Phocoena phocoena,Mammal,Special Concern,4/12/2009,4/1/2016,10/2/2018,Maintain a self-sustaining population within its known range in Pacific waters of Canada.,There are no systematic survey data or population trends. A population of 9120 porpoises was estimated during 2004 and 2005 in British Columbia coastal waters (excluding west coast of Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii).,Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends "Harbour seal, Lacs des Loups Marins subspecies",Phoca vitulina mellonae,Mammal,Endangered,6/8/2018,4/1/2018,,The distribution objective of this strategy is to maintain the present range of the Lacs des Loups Marins harbour seal.,There are no reliable estimates of the abundance of Lacs des Loups Marins harbour seals because little information is available. Range-wide abundance trends cannot presently be calculated.,Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Harlequin duck (Eastern population),Histrionicus histrionicus,Bird,Special Concern,6/20/2007,11/1/2013,11/1/2013,Maintain a wintering population of 3000 harlequin ducks in eastern North America for 3 of 5 consecutive years.,"An estimated 3226 to 3420 Eastern population adults winter along the east coast of North America. All birds from this wintering population originate from Canadian breeding areas. Though still small relative to historical levels, this wintering population has increased since cessation of hunting in 1990. The population trend from 1981 to 2013 for birds wintering in eastern North America is estimated to be increasing at about 5% per year.","Population size is increasing, and appears to have met the population levels outlined in the goals.",Yes Henslow's sparrow,Ammodramus henslowii,Bird,Endangered,8/18/2010,5/1/2011,5/1/2011,"By 2015, to achieve at least 1 stable breeding population of 5 to 10 pairs. The recovery strategy was amended on 15 September 2010. No changes were made to the recovery goals established earlier in 2010.",The abundance and breeding distribution of the Henslow's Sparrow have undergone marked fluctuations in response to changes in habitat availability. Observations since 1985 are too few to determine recent trends. There are no indications of any increase for the period 2000 to 2011.,Data are too few to determine recent trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Hoary Mountain-mint,Pycnanthemum incanum,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,11/20/2007,11/1/2011,11/1/2011,Increase size of existing populations to self-sustaining levels.,"No decline in mature individuals is documented, and owing to new discoveries, the population now includes more than 250 individuals. There are 2 populations of this species known to be extant. An additional subpopulation was newly discovered in 2010, and appears to have become established from an existing seed bank following site restoration initiated in fall 2008. At the time of assessment it contained 15 seedlings.",Population sizes are not sufficiently well documented to indicate trends. ,Insufficient data to determine trends Hooded warbler,Setophaga citrina,Bird,Not at risk,5/1/2012,5/1/2012,5/1/2012,"Increase the number of breeding pairs to 500, distributed within the species' current Ontario range.","Data from all sources show a consistent pattern of strong increases in the abundance and distribution of the population in Canada. The Canadian population in 2013 is estimated to be between 500 and 1000 breeding pairs. Searches at known and potential breeding locations documented ongoing increases in population size, number of occupied sites, and breeding distribution. ",Increasing population has reached recovery goals.,Yes Horned grebe (Magdalen Islands population),Podiceps auritus,Bird,Endangered,5/17/2013,5/1/2023,," 5-year objectives: To maintain and, as far as possible, increase the current horned grebe, Magdalen Islands population. The objective is to maintain 15 adults per year and, if possible, increase this number. They must be present on Île Brion and Île de l'Est, and, if possible, must recolonize other islands in the archipelago. Long-term objectives: to increase the size and distribution of hte population so that it occupies all areas in which it was present before 2005. The population objective is to reach an annual total of at least 30 adults. In terms of distribution, the species must be present on Île de l’Est and Île Brion and must recolonize Île de la Grande Entrée, Grosse Île, Île aux Loups, Île du Havre aux Maisons, Île du Cap-aux-Meules and Île du Havre-Aubert.","National population is estimated at 200,000 to 500,000 individuals. ",There is likely less than 10 individuals in the subpopulation.,No Horned grebe (Western population) ,Podiceps auritus,Bird,Special Concern,10/20/2022,5/1/2023,,"To maintain, over the years 2022 to 2052, population levels at or above the average population levels of the past 30 years (1987-2017), and to maintain the population's current distribution in Canada.","National population is estimated at 200,000 to 500,000 individuals. Breeding density is estimated at 1.5 to 3.3 pairs per km2 in the parkland zone of the Prairies, 2.2 pairs per km2 in the boreal range surrounding Yellowknife, and 0.5 pairs per km2 at the natural ponds east of Yellowknife. Geographic range is estimated at 3,900,000 km2. ","The decrease in geographic range from 2009 is due to change in methodology and not a reflection of a change in range. Long-term trends indicate that each region is experiencing a population decline. There is a strong bias in population sampling towards the southern portion of their range, which may affect population counts and trend estimates.",No Hotwater physa,Physella wrighti,Mollusc,Endangered,1/29/2007,4/1/2008,5/25/2022,Maintain and protect the population(s) within its natural geographic range and within its current range of abundance.,"Population surveys completed between 2016 and 2019 at Liard River Hotsprings Park suggest that habitat conditions and population abundance of Hotwater Physa remain stable. The distribution of Hotwater Physa has been maintained within Alpha Pool, Beta Complex, and outlet streams. ",Population survey's completed between 2016 and 2019 continue to suggest that the relative abundance of Hotwater Physa has remained stable. ,Yes Incurved grizzled moss,Ptychomitrium incurvum,Moss,Extirpated,11/20/2007,11/1/2021,,Recovery of this species is considered not technically or biologically feasible at this time. Determination of recovery feasibility will be re-evaluated in response to changing conditions and/or knowledge.,"The only known occurrence in Canada is from Southern Ontario, documented in 1825. The species has never been rediscovered.",n/a,Not feasible Island blue,Plebejus saepiolus insulanus,Insect,Endangered,7/15/2008,12/1/2022,,"Confirm the presence of the subspecies within its historic range in Canada, and protect any extant populations.","This species has not been documented in the field since 1979. However, search effort is insufficient to conclude that the species is extinct.",n/a,Operational goals Island marble,Euchloe ausonides insulanus,Insect,Extirpated,8/11/2006,12/1/2022,,"Attain viable, self-sustaining populations within the species' historic range in Canada.","This butterfly was formerly found on 2 islands off the west coast, but disappeared from both sites by 1910 because of loss of the larval host plant. The historic Canadian range of the island marble has been extensively surveyed from 2001 to 2008 in an effort to locate it along with other at-risk butterflies. During these surveys, neither the island marble nor apparently suitable habitat has been detected. All available evidence suggests that the island marble is extirpated in Canada.",Available evidence suggests the island marble is extirpated in Canada. ,No Ivory gull,Pagophila eburnea,Bird,Endangered,3/13/2014,12/1/2023,,"Long-term goal: To see the Canadian population increased to more that 1000 birds in Canadian range-wide surveys, with the breeding distribution maintained. Objectives: Maintain the 2009 distribution and abundance of ivory gulls on eastern Ellesmere Island, over a five-year average (i.e., abundance will vary annually, but over 5 years, maintain at 2009 levels of 700 individuals). Maintain the Seymour Island colony at ≥ 100 individuals annually. Maintain the presence of breeding ivory gulls on Baffin Island, Cornwallis Island, and Devon Island. Maintain the presence of wintering ivory gulls that breed in Canada and Europe, which includes Canadian waters in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay as well as off the coast of Labrador.","The Canadian breeding population is estimated to be between 1950 and 2250 mature individuals. The increase is attributed to expanded surveying efforts. Newly discovered colonies, likely long-established, were found in previously unexplored areas north of Makinson Inlet on Ellesmere Island. Historical colonies were abandoned in Brodeur Peninsula of Baffin Island, Devon Island, Cornwallis Island, and southern Ellesmere Island. The Seymour Island colony may no longer be viable due to decline in nesting activity.","Breeding distribution is declining due to abandonment of historical colonies on northern Baffin Island, Devon Island, and Cornwallis Island. The Seymour Island colony no longer be viable due to decline in nesting activity. Ellesmere Island population increase could be due to the discovery of new populations and not an increase in monitored populations. Overall, breeding populations are in decline.",No Karner blue,Plebejus samuelis,Insect,Extirpated,3/6/2019,5/1/2019,5/1/2019,Maintain and/or increase sufficient suitable habitat to support a metapopulation (20-30yrs),Species has not been observed since 1991.,Species has not been observed since 1991,Operational goals Kentucky coffee-tree,Chicot févier,"Vascular plant, tree",Threatened,12/23/2014,4/1/2021,11/1/2000,"The focus of recovery efforts is targeted to native, extant populations, primarily those in natural settings. The population and distribution objectives are to: (1) maintain extant native populations within natural settings at their current abundance and distribution; (2) augment extant single-sex native populations occurring within natural settings to attempt to establish sexually-reproducing populations, if biologically and technically feasible, and; (3) maintain the remaining extant native populations that occur in landscaped or agricultural settings either in situ or through their incorporation into, or use in the establishment of, populations in natural settings.","Its distribution in Canada is limited to southwestern Ontario and represents 3% of its global distribution. Sexual reproduction is limited; the main form of reproduction is through root suckers. As such, most subpopulations are composed of single-sex clone and there is low genetic diversity in the Canadian population. There are 34 extant or presumed extant subpopulations, with a total estimate of 429-527 mature trees. There is no change in the number of mature trees in the Canadian population, however the addition of manipulated population components likely obscures the loss of mature individuals.","There is an inferred increase resulting from manipulated population components, however it is not known whether there was a decline in existing mature individuals.",Insufficient data to determine trends Kidneyshell,Ptychobranchus fasciolaris,Mollusc,Endangered,7/13/2006,5/1/2013,5/18/2022,Maintain healthy self-sustaining populations in the Ausable and Sydenham rivers while returning the Lake St. Clair delta population to a self-sustaining level. Re-establish populations in historically occupied habitats.,"The kidneyshell is now Extirpated in upper and lower Thames and Grand Rivers and in Lake Erie off Pelee Island. Currently, the species is restricted to the East Sydenham and Ausable rivers, Lake St. Clair delta, and Medway Creek of the Thames River. Populations continue to decline in Lake St. Clair and Ausable River, while populations in the Sydenham River appear stable. Both Ausable and East Sydenham river populations appear to be reproducing but populations in Medway Creek and Lake St. Clair are not reproducing. The extent of occurrence declined to 2050 square kilometres in 2001, but has subsequently increased to 2866 square kilometres over the last 10 years, largely due to increased search effort.",Sampling conducted in the last five years has not led to the detection of Kidneyshell at new or historically occupied locations.,No Killer whale (Northeast Pacific northern resident population),Orcinus orca,Mammal,Threatened,12/5/2018,12/1/2023,1/26/2022,"Ensure the long-term viability of resident killer whale populations by achieving and maintaining demographic conditions that preserve their reproductive potential, genetic variation, and cultural continuity.",This population has approximately 332 individuals (~176 mature) (2021 survey). This population has grown at a mean annual rate of 2% per year since the early 1970s when monitoring began.,Population trend is increasing or stable.,Yes Killer whale (Northeast Pacific offshore population),Orcinus orca,Mammal,Threatened,11/7/2018,12/1/2023,11/1/2008," Achieve a stable or increasing trend in the abundance (i.e., increased birthrate and/or decreased death rate) and genetic diversity of the offshore killer whale population. Ensure continued use of Canadian Pacific waters by the offshore killer whale population.","This population has approximately 300 individuals (~160 mature) (2012 survey). Based on available information, the population appears to be at least stable.","Although the population is small enough to qualify for Endangered (total number of mature individuals ~160, which is well below the threshold of 2,500), there is no evidence of a continuing decline.",No Killer whale (Northeast Pacific southern resident population),Orcinus orca,Mammal,Endangered,12/5/2018,12/1/2023,1/26/2022,"Ensure the long-term viability of resident killer whale populations by achieving and maintaining demographic conditions that preserve their reproductive potential, genetic variation, and cultural continuity.","This population has 73 individuals (46 mature) (2021 census). Since 1974, the number of individuals has fluctuated from 71 (in 1974) to 96 (in 1996). From 2015 to 2021 it declined from 81 individuals to 73 individuals.",The population trend is decreasing. Although over the last five years significant progress has been made to abate threats to the recovery of these populations. The effects of recovery efforts can be expected to take multiple generations to be realized. ,No Killer whale (Northeast Pacific transient population),Orcinus orca,Mammal,Threatened,12/13/2007,12/1/2023,12/21/2020,Maintain current population sizes at or above the current level. Maintain number of breeding females at levels that will provide a neutral or positive growth rate. Attain the long-term viability of the population.,This population has approximately 349 individuals (192 mature) (2018 survey). The population appears to have been slowly increasing since the mid-1970s when monitoring began.,The population has been increasing. ,Yes Kirtland's warbler,Setophaga kirtlandii,Bird,Endangered,10/25/2006,5/1/2024,,Determine if a breeding population exists in Canada. Manage habitat at selected locations in Canada to encourage the recovery of the species.,"The current population in Canada is ~40-50 mature individuals, based on counts at sites with confirmed observations. No long-term information on population trends in Canada, but singing males have been confirmed at Garrison Petawawa since 1916, and breeding individuals at Petawawa since 2006 and at CFB Borden since 2013.",There have been signs of a breeding population in Canada.,Operational goals Lake chubsucker,Erimyzon sucetta,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,6/4/2010,4/1/2021,12/22/2023,Maintain current populations and restore viable populations to formerly occupied wetland habitats.,"There is no evidence that populations are improving/recovering; however, data limitations preclude quantitative analyses of population trends. The most recent RPA (2023) identifies 15 populations in Canada: 1 of these was assessed as fair; 10 were assessed as poor; 3 were considered extirpated; and 1 had insufficient data. Canadian collections have not been made in a standardized manner, nor have there been specific studies on population size, making it difficult to assess population sizes and trends; however, the paucity of records suggests low abundance. In the 2023 RPA population assessment, 8/15 populations were ranked based on expert opinion and 6/15 were ranked based on catch per unit of effort - none were based on quantitative analyses. ","It is difficult to establish viable population and distribution objectives in the absence of detailed population records; therefore, further monitoring and assessment should be conducted to refine the extent of the species’ distribution and determine its prevalence within its current distribution.",No Lakeside daisy,Tetraneuris herbacea,"Vascular plant, herb",Threatened,3/24/2011,4/4/2021,,"1. Prevent an overall, continuous decline in the number of populations in each of the two core areas the species occupies (Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Region). 2. Maintain the species' range at its current index of area of occupancy (114 km2) and the current extent of occurrence (2,340 km2).","There are 34 subpopulations in Canada, 25 of which are in the Manitoulin Island region and 9 on Bruce Peninsula. There is an estimate of 87,000 to 220,000 mature individuals in Canada. 4 subpopulations show decreases, 6 are stable and 2 are stable or may have increased. Extrapolating trends in these 12 subpopulations to an overall trend for all 34 subpopulations is not possible.",It is not possible to extrapolate population trends from the 12 subpopulations with trend data to the overall Canadian population.,Insufficient data to determine trends Large-headed woolly yarrow,Achillée à gros capitules,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,12/18/2013,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,Maintain current population density and area of occupancy.,Population estimated to be 910 000 to 6 950 000 individuals. Potential decline in extent of occurrence based on forest ingress along western margins of William River dunes. Decline in habitat due to net conversion of open dune area to forest.,No information available to directly assess population trends,Insufficient data to determine trends Least bittern,Botaurus exilis,Bird,Threatened,12/10/2014,11/1/2024,,"The population and distribution objectives for the least bittern are to maintain and, where possible, increase the current population size and area of occupancy in Canada. ","Population size is estimated at 4,300 mature individuals, an increase since the previous assessment which likely reflects improved survey coverage and techniques rather than an increase in numbers. Ongoing regional surveys over the last 10 years suggest that the Canadian population is currently stable. Localized increases in some regions have been seen, Ontario in particular, but are likely temporary rather than a sustained population increase. Extent of occurrence is estimated to be 2,278,035 km2 and the index of area of occupancy is estimated at 6,328 km2. This increase may also reflect improved survey methods.","Although the population and distribution increase from the last assessment is likely due to a change in methodologies and survey coverage, the current analysis indicates that the Canadian population and its range is stable.",Yes Leatherback sea turtle (Atlantic population),Dermochelys coriacea,Reptile,Endangered,2/23/2007,12/1/2022,3/7/2022,Increase the population such that the long-term viability of the leatherback turtles frequenting Atlantic Canadian waters is achieved.,"The Atlantic population of this large, long-lived marine turtle has declined precipitously, with the number of known nesting females reduced by about 60% in a single generation (30 years) and this number is projected to decline by a further 50% within the next generation.","Bycatch near key nesting beaches is likely the primary driver of the current estimated declines in abundance. Bycatch in commercial fisheries remains the primary threat to Leatherback Sea Turtles in Atlantic Canadian waters, and throughout their range. Additionally, they face multiple other threats at all life stages, the cumulative impact of which is large and impacts individual survival and productivity. ",No Leatherback sea turtle (Pacific population),Dermochelys coriacea,Reptile,Endangered,2/23/2007,12/1/2022,3/7/2022,Achieve the long-term viability of the leatherback turtle population(s) that frequent Pacific Canadian waters.,The leatherback sea turtle Pacific population has collapsed by over 80% since the mid-1980s and is projected to decline by 96% by 2040. Data are not yet sufficient to identify the Leatherback Sea Turtles’ population size in Canadian Pacific waters. 68 sightings were recorded in Canadian Pacific waters between 2000 and 2022. There was an apparent decline in sightings between 2000-2010 (47) and 2011-2022 (21).,"The recovery of leatherback sea turtle populations in Canadian Pacific waters is not likely to be realized in the short-term due to their long lifespan, very high rate of hatchling mortality, and the paucity of sightings. Ongoing work is needed to clearly understand the distribution of leatherback sea turtle populations in Canadian Pacific waters and to develop a plan for the protection of critical habitat, once it is identified.",Insufficient data to determine trends Lewis's woodpecker,Melanerpes lewis,Bird,Threatened,10/13/2017,11/1/2024,,The population and distribution objective is to maintain or increase the regional populations and the distribution of Lewis’s woodpeckers within Canada.,"The single Canadian subpopulation is estimated at approximately 2,600 mature individuals. Key threats contributing to this ongoing decline include habitat loss due to timber harvest and removal of potential nest trees, competition for nest sites with European starling, and increasing effects of extreme weather events during the nesting period. Long-term trends from the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and Christmas Bird Count (CBC) indicate that numbers declined by more than 50% from the period 1940-1977 to the period 1978-2022 and an inferred decline of 5-10% over the past 10 years. Extent of occurrence is considered relatively unchanged overall and the area of occupancy is considered to be relatively unchanged from 2010.",There is an inferred decline in the number of mature individuals of 5-10% over the past 10 years and it is anticipated to continue mainly due to ongoing net habitat loss.,No Lilliput,Toxolasma parvum,Mollusc,Endangered,4/21/2022,11/1/2024,,"Population objective: To ensure all populations (both extant and historical) demonstrate signs of reproduction and recruitment, and are stable or increasing with low risk of known threats. (Note that the inclusion of historical populations within this objective is limited only to locations where feasible and warranted.) Distribution objective: To ensure the survival of self-sustaining populations at the following locations within currently and, if feasible and warranted, historically occupied reaches. Currently occupied areas include: Canard River, East Sydenham River, Grand River, Hamilton Harbour and surroundings, Jordan Harbour, Pelee Island, Ruscom River/Belle River, Thames River (Baptiste Creek), and Welland River/Oswego Creek. Historically occupied areas include: North Sydenham River, and Thames River (McGregor Creek).",There is no size estimate for the Canadian population because no quantitative sampling has occurred. It is also difficult to assess population trends given the limited historical records and more recent single sampling events.,Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Long-billed curlew,Numenius americanus,Bird,Special Concern,1/17/2013,5/1/2024,,"The long-term objective of this management plan is to maintain or increase the recent (since 2004) breeding distribution of the long-billed curlew in Canada. This should be attainable by maintaining and improving the amount and quality of breeding and migration habitat available for current and future Canadian populations, and by promoting the conservation of suitable habitat in Canada as well as on the wintering grounds.","The Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) indicates a substantial steady decrease in the size of the Canadian population beginning around 2004, amounting to a cumulative loss of about 51% over the past three generations (20 years). Extent of occurrence is approximately 907,483 km2 and the area of occupancy is 15,212 km2. Increase in extent of occurrence is attributed to outliers in eastern Saskatchewan, slight expansion in breeding range northward in British Columbia, and increase reporting effort. Overall, extent of occurrence is not believed to have increased. Area of occupancy has declined since 2002 and presumably 2011 by 25%, and is predicted to continue to decline due to climate change.",Area of occupancy has declined by 25% since 2002 and 2011 assessment.,No Longspine thornyhead,Sebastolobus altivelis,"Fish, marine",Special Concern,4/30/2012,4/1/2007,4/13/2023,Maintain sustainable populations within each species’ known range in Canadian Pacific waters.,"Current status of longspine thornyhead is not known and is managed through total allowable catch and monitoring of annual catch. Although DFO does not have a recent stock assessment for longspine thornyhead, the population is assumed to be stable based on consistent annual catch rates.","While progress has been made towards meeting the goal and objectives of the management plan, more work needs to be undertaken to better understand stock structure, and to complete regular stock assessments for longspine thornyhead and rougheye rockfish.",Yes Louisiana waterthrush,Parkesia motacilla,Bird,Threatened,8/1/2012,11/1/2015,,Maintain the current size and distribution of the population in Canada.,"Population trends are poorly understood. The species has declined locally in parts of Canada in the past century and in the past few decades, but surveys have found higher numbers in some parts of the Canadian range in recent years.","Declines have been noted in some parts of the Canadian range, while new pairs have been found in others.",Mixed evidence Mackenzie hairgrass,Deschampsia mackenzieana,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,12/18/2013,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,Maintain current population density and area of occupancy.,Population estimated to be 3 040 000 to 25 000 000 individuals. Potential decline in extent of occurrence based on forest ingress along western margins of William River dunes. Decline in habitat due to net conversion of open dune area to forest.,No information available to directly assess population trends,Insufficient data to determine trends Macoun's meadowfoam,Limnanthe de Macoun,"Vascular Plant, herb",Threatened,11/6/2013,12/1/2023,,Maintain the 31 extant populations at a stable or increasing size. Prevent a decline in the known distribution of Macoun’s meadowfoam in Canada.,"Total population is estimated to be between 4,270,000 and 4,275,000; counts can vary from year to year. The majority of plants are in one large subpopulation (Whirl Bay) estimated to contain over 4 million plants. 12 subpopulations have over 1,000 plants but the remainder of the subpopulations have fewer than 400 plants each. Extent of occurrence is 4,723 km2 and the area of occupancy is 100 km2 based on a 2km x 2km grid over extant populations. The increase in population count is primarily due to an increase in search effort, which resulted in the discovery of new sites. Due to a change in how the assessment criteria is applied, the population is no longer considered to be severely fragmented.","Since 2003, of the 31 extant subpopulations, 7 are stable, 11 have increased, 4 are either stable or have increased, 2 have declined, and 7 do not have enough information to calculate trends. However, increased plant counts may be due to finding new sites within each subpopulation associated with more intensive search effort. At least 3 subpopulations have lost sites and trends are difficult to confirm with annual fluctuations. ",Mixed evidence Macropis cuckoo bee,Epeoloides pilosulus,Insect,Endangered,10/21/2021,5/1/2025,,"The recovery of the Macropis cuckoo bee was deemed not feasible, therefore the recovery strategy does not include a population and distribution objective.","Insufficient data available to reliably infer, project, or suspect population trends.",Recovery was deemed to not be feasible at this time.,Not feasible Margined streamside moss,Scouleria marginata,Moss,Endangered,5/2/2008,5/1/2012,5/1/2012,Confirm presence in Canada. Protect and maintain any extant populations. ,"No change. This moss is a large, showy species that occurs just above water's edge along small montane streams. A rare North American endemic, its northernmost and single occurrence in Canada is in southern British Columbia. Although the species was not relocated at this station in recent surveys, the species may be present in nearby watersheds.",No new sightings of this species in Canada have been recorded.,Operational goals Massasauga (Carolinian population),Sistrurus catenatus,Reptile,Endangered,7/24/2015,5/1/2025,,"The long-term recovery goal for the massasauga in Ontario is the persistence of the species throughout its current range, by preventing extirpation of the Ojibway population; securing viable populations at Wainfleet, the Bruce Peninsula, and eastern Georgian Bay; and retaining a sufficient distribution and degree of habitat connectivity among local populations to maintain the current extent and area of occupancy throughout the Bruce Peninsula and eastern Georgian Bay regional populations.","In the Carolinian region, only two subpopulations (Ojibway and Wainfleet) remain extant of 19 historical subpopulations. The Ojibway subpopulation may be extirpated since there have been no detections since 2019. The Wainfleet subpopulation is in a ""managed recovery"" state, but a PVA (population viability analysis) predicts a 68% extinction probability within 20–40 years without ongoing management.","In the Carolinian region, the analysis indicates that extinction is imminent or has already happened for the Ojibway subpopulation, and will occur within 20-40 years in Wainfleet without ongoing intervention. Maximum geographic extent and activity range estimates have declined.",No Massasauga (Great Lakes / St. Lawrence population),Sistrurus catenatus,Reptile,Threatened,7/24/2015,5/1/2025,,"The long-term recovery goal for the massasauga in Ontario is the persistence of the species throughout its current range, by preventing extirpation of the Ojibway population; securing viable populations at Wainfleet, the Bruce Peninsula, and eastern Georgian Bay; and retaining a sufficient distribution and degree of habitat connectivity among local populations to maintain the current extent and area of occupancy throughout the Bruce Peninsula and eastern Georgian Bay regional populations.","Insufficient survey efforts hinder accurate population estimates, but available data suggests the estimated number of adult individuals ranges from 2,435 to 12,027. The extent of occurrence is 36,255 km2 and the index of area of occupancy is 2,696 km2. The extent of occurrence has increased as a result of improvements in reporting and do not reflect a range expansion. The index of area of occupancy has remained the same since the last assessment. Spatial analyses infer a continuing decline in mature individuals.",There is an inferred and projected decline in the number of mature individuals based on spatial trends and a case study of Killbear Provincial Park. There is an overall declining trend in both geographical extent and activity range estimates.,No Mccown's longspur,Rhynchophanes mccownii,Bird,Threatened,10/30/2014,4/1/2016,4/1/2016,Maintain or improve the recent (since 1996) population and distribution in Canada.,The species declined by at least 30% between 2002 and 2012. ,There has been a continuing decline in the number of individuals.,No Misty Lake lentic threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,4/17/2018,12/1/2023,11/27/2023,Maintain self-sustaining populations of the stickleback species pair in Misty Lake.,"The last population estimate in 2016 for the lentic form of Misty Lake sticklebacks was 133,842 (123,991 individuals for the lake population and 9,851 individuals for the outlet population), which was reported on in the recovery strategy. No abundance estimates have been developed since then.",The status of the distribution objectives and population trends are unknown because no monitoring has been conducted since the recovery objectives were set.,Insufficient data to determine trends Misty Lake lotic threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,4/17/2018,12/1/2023,11/27/2023,Maintain self-sustaining populations of the stickleback species pair in Misty Lake.,"The last population estimate in 2016 for the lotic (inlet) form of Misty Lake sticklebacks was 14,991 individuals, which was reported on in the recovery strategy. No abundance estimates have been developed since then.",The status of the distribution objectives and population trends are unknown because no monitoring has been conducted since the recovery objectives were set.,Insufficient data to determine trends Mountain beaver,Aplodontia rufa,Mammal,Special Concern,12/30/2015,12/1/2022,,To maintain the current distribution of all subpopulations in BC and to maintain or improve the current abundance of each mountain beaver subpopulation in BC.,"Five subpopulations are found in southwestern BC and the population is estimated to be >10,000 mature individuals.",There are no new data suggesting further declines in distribution or abundance of the species.,Yes Mountain plover,Charadrius montanus,Bird,Endangered,10/25/2006,11/1/2021,12/29/2021,Maintain recent abundance and distribution in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan.,"There has been no observations since 2012. Small numbers may persist, however there has been inssufient search efforts to determine populatino trends. ",There has been insufficient search efforts to determine population trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Nooksack dace,Rhinichthys cataractae ssp.,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,2/12/2020,11/1/2018,8/17/2022,"By 2015, all currently and historically suitable habitats in native streams to be occupied at target abundance levels.",Insufficient data exist to reliably calculate population sizes.,Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends North Atlantic right whale,Eubalaena glacialis,Mammal,Endangered,6/16/2009,11/1/2013,10/6/2016,Achieve an increasing trend in population abundance over 3 generations.,"Between 2009 and 2014, the population estimate increased from 438 to 522. The population increased by about 50% between 1990 and 2010. ",Population has increased from 1990 to 2014.,Yes North Pacific right whale,Eubalaena japonica,Mammal,Endangered,8/11/2011,5/1/2015,4/14/2023,"Work towards an increasing population trajectory. Promote reoccupation of historical habitat in Pacific Canadian waters. The population and distribution objectives for North Pacific right whale are: confirm the presence of North Pacific right whales in Pacific Canadian waters; and determine population structure, abundance, and seasonal distribution; work toward an increasing population trajectory; and promote re-occupation of historical habitat in Pacific Canadian waters. The recovery objectives for the North Pacific right whale are: characterize and determine the extent of potential habitat in Pacific Canadian waters; and maintain or increase the relative proportion of right whales in Pacific Canadian waters compared to the whole population, by ensuring that as threats are identified, they do not significantly reduce potential habitat or distribution of the North Pacific right whale.",Presence was confirmed in Canada in 2013. Numbers in the eastern North Pacific are extremely small (less than 50 individuals). There is no data on the population trend.,Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana,Mollusc,Endangered,9/27/2007,4/1/2009,11/5/2024,"Short-term recovery goal: [By 2012] Halt the decline of the existing wild northern abalone population in B.C. in order to reduce the risk of this species becoming endangered. Long-term recovery goal: [By 2037] Increase number and densities of wild northern abalone to self-sustainable levels in each biogeographic zone of B.C. (Haida Gwaii, Queen Charlotte and Johnstone Strait, North and Central Coast, Georgia Basin, West Coast of Vancouver Island), in order to remove northern abalone from threatened status.","Positive trends in some population indicators have been observed at index sites in several regions of the BC coast but further work is needed to understand short- and long-term population implications of these trends. Continued work is also necessary to further our understanding of the relationships between northern abalone and sea otters in BC, as evidence suggests that while recovery of abalone remains feasible in the presence of sea otters, abalone populations may stabilize at lower densities than in the absence of sea otters. Achieving population and distribution objectives will require additional research and monitoring to improve our understanding of northern abalone in BC, for example, by increasing the number of index sites surveyed to provide greater precision in our estimates of northern abalone density. In addition, achieving population and distribution objectives will also require efforts to mitigate anthropogenic threats, including through continuing to address illegal harvest, and continued review of development proposals in northern abalone habitat in accordance with the northern abalone impact assessment protocol.","Positive trends in northern abalone abundances and densities have been observed in some survey regions. Additional effort is required to understand underlying drivers and short and long-term population implications of these trends, and to achieve all population and distribution objectives.",Mixed evidence Northern bobwhite,Colinus virginianus,Bird,Endangered,12/13/2018,5/1/2023,,"Short term (5 - 10 years): Maintain the existing population on Walpole Island First Nation and where biologically and technically feasible increase the abundance of the existing population to at least 230 adult birds. Medium term (10 - 20 years): If biologically and technically feasible, increase the population on Walpole Island First Nation to at least 500 adult birds and restore it to historically occupied sites on Walpole Island First Nation. Long term (timeframe to be determined): If biologically and technically feasible, to achieve a self-sustaining, resilient, and redundant population, by establishing at least one viable population on Walpole Island First Nation and re-establish one viable population on the mainland.","Occasional sightings in recent years by local Indigenous Nations indicates one very small population in Walpole Island, Ontario likely exists. Local observation suggests a population decline, but insufficient data available to determine population trends. Restoration projects are in place to protect necessary habitats.",Insufficient data are available to estimate trends,Insufficient data to determine trends Northern bottlenose whale (Scotian Shelf population),Hyperoodon ampullatus,Mammal,Endangered,6/9/2016,11/1/2024,6/9/2016,"To achieve a stable or increasing population and to maintain, at a minimum, current distribution. ","This population appears to be slowly increasing as it continues to recover from historical whaling operations. It remains very small, with an estimated 210 individuals, of which approximately 95 are mature. The population is at risk from several threats, including underwater noise produced by military sonar exercises and seismic surveys for oil and gas, vessel strikes, entanglement in fishing gear, and exposure to contaminants and other marine pollutants and debris.","Most recent estimate indicates an increasing population. Abundance has been slowly increasing since 2004, but it is unknown whether this will continue into the future. There is no observed change in area of occupancy.",Yes Northern brook lamprey (Great Lakes - Upper St. Lawrence populations),Ichthyomyzon fossor,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,7/31/2018,11/1/2020,,"The long-term goal is to ensure the persistence of northern brook lamprey throughout its current and historical ranges. Short-term objectives: (1) conserve and protect extant populations; refine understanding of population and habitat trends; identify, mitigate and monitor threats impacting the species' survival and conservation; (2) maintain, enhance and, where feasible, restore habitat to support the northern brook lamprey; (3) address knowledge gaps and broaden knowledge of the species' biology and ecology to enable and enhance management efforts; (4) improve the efficiency of conservation efforts through coordinated actions with other aquatic ecosystem recovery teams and other complementary conservation groups and/or initiatives; and (5) increase public awareness about the importance of biodiversity and healthy aquatic ecosystems, particularly amongst various partners, First Nations, interest groups, organization and landowners interested in supporting the conservation efforts for northern brook lamprey.","Population estimates are not available and there is no information available on population trends. Its extent of occurrence is relatively stable, however the area occupied has decreased over time (in part due to differences in search effort).",There is insufficient information availabe to determine population trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Northern leopard frog (Rocky Mountain population),Lithobates pipiens,Amphibian,Endangered,12/22/2017,11/1/2021,,"1. To maintain and, where feasible, to increase the abundance of all populations of the Northern Leopard Frog in British Columbia, including any which may be identified or re-established in the future. 2. To maintain and, where feasible, to expand the distribution of the northern leopard frog in British Columbia throughout the four historical Ecological Drainage Units, including re-establishment of at least two additional populations within its historical range.","In 2009, population of mature individuals in the Creston Valley Wildlife Management Area was estimated at approximately 50 and in the Upper Kootenay Floodplain less than 10. Between 2011 and 2015, there were an estimated 17-39 breeding females at the Creston Valley Wildlife Mangement Area and a very small subpopulation in the Upper Kootenay Floodplain. Between 2009 and 2021 in the Creston Valley Wildlife Management Area the number of egg masses detected fluctuated from a low of 7 to a high of 39, suggesting the population has fluctuated, but with no evident population trend.",Population trends are unknown,Insufficient data to determine trends Northern madtom,Noturus stigmosus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,6/12/2012,5/1/2012,11/27/2023," Sustain and enhance the viability of existing populations of northern madtom in the Erie-Huron corridor, the Thames River (from Littlejohn Rd. upstream to vicinity of Tate Corners), and the Sydenham River if the species is still present in the system. ","There are 3, possibly 4, extant, reproducing populations in Canada. Ongoing and/or completed activities indicate that progress is being made toward the goal of recovering northern madtom populations in Canada.",Population trends were assessed in the 2024 RPA as follows: St. Clair River - fair; Lake St. Clair - poor; Sydenham River - likely extirpated; Thames River - poor; Detroit River - fair. The recent environmental DNA (eDNA) detections of northern madtom within the Sydenham and Grand rivers warrants follow-up sampling to confirm the species presence within these watersheds.,No Northern riffleshell,Epioblasma torulosa rangiana,Mollusc,Endangered,7/30/2019,4/1/2010,2/2/2024,"Prevent the extirpation of northern riffleshell in Canada. Return healthy self-sustaining populations to the Ausable, Sydenham, and Thames rivers, and the St. Clair River delta.","Northern riffleshell continues to be detected in the Sydenham and Ausable rivers, although the Ausable River detections were more limited in distribution. In Canada, its range once included western Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit, East Sydenham, and Thames rivers in Ontario. It is now limited to a 91 km reach of the East Sydenham River and a 44 km reach of the Ausable River.",Populations of northern riffleshell in both the Ausable and East Sydenham rivers show evidence of recruitment and it appears that the quality of the habitat in at least some reaches is suitable. ,No "Northern saw-whet owl, brooksi subspecies",Petite Nyctale de la sous-espèce brooksi,Bird,Threatened,4/10/2014,11/1/2017,11/1/2017,Maintain approximately 1800 adults over the species' extent of occurrence.,The current population estimate is of 1756 mature individuals with a inferred decline of 1.3% over the next 15 years.,Population sizes and trends have not been measured directly but projected trends in habitat loss suggest a potential decline in population size.,No Northern wolffish,Anarhichas denticulatus,"Fish, marine",Threatened,2/27/2020,11/1/2012,5/8/2024,Increase the population levels and distribution such that the long-term viability of this species is achieved.,"This species underwent strong declines in both abundance and in range size during the 1980s. For the next decade there was little change in status, but since about 2002 there have been small increases in both range size and abundance. Since the last DFO assessment in 2014, the population status remains relatively unchanged and has shown little recovery. ","Fall survey biomass index in Newfoundland and Labrador has increased. Based on the 2024 SAR, increases in abundance in NL (NAFO Divisions 2H and 2J3K) have occurred since the late-1990s, where the majority of the population resides. ",Yes Northwestern pond turtle,Actinemys marmorata,Reptile,Extirpated,12/30/2015,5/1/2023,,The recovery is not considered to be biologically and technically feasible. There are no known individuals that can reproduce in BC and the possible translocation populations are at critically low numbers. ,This species has not been confirmed in the wild in Canada since 1961.,The recovery is not considered to be biologically and technically feasible in the next 5 years.,Not feasible Nugget moss,Microbryum vlassovii,Moss,Endangered,9/21/2012,11/1/2016,11/1/2016,"Maintain the only known extant population of this species at its location in Canada. Maintain or improve current population size at this location, as well as any other extant populations that may be identified.",This species is known from only 3 localized sites in south-central British Columbia. One of the sites has likely been extirpated and one has not been seen since 1980.,One subpopulation persists but the number of mature individuals is uncertain.,Insufficient data to determine trends "Nuttall's cottontail, nuttallii subspecies",Sylvilagus nuttallii nuttallii,Mammal,Special Concern,12/30/2015,11/1/2016,11/1/2016,"Maintain a stable or increasing population, distributed throughout the species' current range in British Columbia.",The species has a restricted range in the South Okanagan and Similkameen valleys. These habitats have been in decline since the mid-1800s and habitat loss is expected to continue. The number of mature individuals is unknown.,The number of mature individuals is unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Olympia oyster,Ostrea lurida,Mollusc,Special Concern,7/30/2009,5/1/2011,9/8/2017,Maintain stable populations in British Columbia.,"Although the population suffered large-scale declines associated with overharvest between the late 1800s and 1930, it appears to have been stable in recent decades. There are no data on population trends, but populations appear to persist at low levels.","Although quantitative estimates on population sizes are not available, the Olympia Oyster appears to be stable in recent decades.",Yes Ord's kangaroo rat,Dipodomys ordii,Mammal,Endangered,11/30/2012,4/1/2017,4/1/2017,Ensure that self-sustaining populations continue at currently occupied sand hill areas in southeastern Alberta and in southwestern Saskatchewan.,Annual population monitoring in Alberta has revealed a 72% decline in abundance between 2006 and 2015. This is assumed to be representative of the entire Canadian population.,Population size is declining.,No Ottoe skipper,Hesperia ottoe,Insect,Endangered,4/15/2010,5/1/2015,5/1/2015,Determine if Ottoe skippers are still extant in Canada.,n/a,n/a,Operational goals Pacific gophersnake,Pituophis catenifer catenifer,Reptile,Extirpated,12/22/2017,5/1/2023,,Recovery is not technically or biologically feasible.,Native individuals have not been confirmed in the wild in Canada since 1957.,Recovery is not technically or biologically feasible.,Not feasible Pacific water shrew,Sorex bendirii,Mammal,Endangered,12/10/2014,4/1/2016,4/1/2016,Maintain the known extant populations and supporting habitat. Increase the number and distribution of populations within the species' natural range.,Too few individuals have been captured to allow population trends to be assessed. ,Population estimates are not available.,Insufficient data to determine trends Paddlefish,Polyodon spathula,"Fish, freshwater",Extirpated,2/27/2008,5/1/2019,,Not feasible,n/a,n/a,Not feasible Pale yellow dune moth,Copablepharon grandis,Insect,Special Concern,2/1/2016,11/1/2018,11/1/2018,Maintain persistence of pale yellow dune moth at confirmed localities.,Insufficient data to assess population sizes and trends. Historical sites have likely declined due to habitat loss from vegetation ingrowth and dune stabilization.,Habitat is in decline as sand dunes stabilize with vegetation.,Insufficient data to determine trends Paxton Lake benthic threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,8/21/2019,12/1/2023,8/3/2022,Maintain self-sustaining populations of stickleback species pairs in Paxton Lake.,"A 2016 mark-recapture estimated the Paxton benthic stickleback population at 22,191. The benthic form is locally abundant, and not in apparent decline; the primary factor determining conservation status is their extreme endemism (existing in a single location), not population decline.","There has been no systematic monitoring of abundance for the Paxton Lake stickleback species pair, so population trends are unknown. High capture rates in other studies suggest abundance remains high.",Yes Paxton Lake limnetic threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,8/21/2019,12/1/2023,8/3/2022,Maintain self-sustaining populations of stickleback species pairs in Paxton Lake.,"A 2016 mark-recapture estimated the Paxton Limnetic Stickleback population is 368,885. The limnetic form is locally abundant, and not in apparent decline; the primary factor determining conservation status is their extreme endemism (existing in a single location), not population decline.","There has been no systematic monitoring of abundance for the Paxton Lake stickleback species pair, so population trends are unknown. High capture rates in other studies suggest abundance remains high.",Yes Peregrine falcon (anatum/tundrius),Falco peregrinus anatum/tundrius,Bird,Not at risk,10/12/2017,11/1/2017,11/1/2017,Maintain a self-sustaining population of the peregrine falcon anatum/tundrius throughout its Canadian range for the next 10 years.,"Following dramatic declines in the mid-20th century, this species has rebounded significantly over the past few decades, with continued moderate to strong increases in many parts of Canada since the last status report in 2007.",Species has been identified to no longer be at risk.,Yes Pink coreopsis,Coreopsis rosea,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,9/8/2010,11/1/2012,11/1/2012,Maintain extant populations at present levels of abundance or greater at current locations. Restore habitats to re-establish populations.,"The Canadian population is believed to have remained relatively stable within the past 10 to 15 years, with minor declines (less than 2.2%) due to shoreline development. The increased estimate of population sizes in 2012 is almost certainly due to more systematic and comprehensive surveys. Surveys repeated at particular sites over many years have not produced any anecdotal reports of major declines or increases.",The Canadian population is relatively stable; estimates have increased due to increased survey effort. ,Yes Pink sand-verbena,Abronia umbellata,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,2/14/2007,5/1/2004,2/21/2024,Conserve Pink sand-verbena throughout its historical range of occurrence in Canada including an extant Clo-oose Bay population and at least two more populations (re)introduced by 2015 near/within the historic range. Protect all existing populations and manage each to ensure it doesn't fall below a minimum viable population size.,"Between 2008 and 2017, population recovery efforts at four coastal sand ecosystem restoration sites (including Clo-oose Bay) resulted in the annual population count exceeding 2000 individuals in both 2017 and 2018. In most years from 2011 to 2022, approximately 50% of wild plants exhibited some reproductive success, but declined to 18% in 2022. Overall population count has stabilized between 400-500 plants per year. It remains unknown whether current conditions and amount of habitat will support sustainable populations. It is currently not possible to conclude that any sub-populations that have been established should be considered viable over the long term.","Low and declining populations at most sites Clo-oose Bay, Schooner and Keeha suggest that viable populations have not been achieved.",No Pink-footed shearwater,Puffinus creatopus,Bird,Endangered,5/2/2008,11/1/2016,11/1/2016,Support and augment international efforts to restore and increase populations.,n/a,n/a,Operational goals "Piping plover, circumcinctus subspecies",Charadrius melodus circumcinctus,Bird,Endangered,10/25/2006,11/1/2013,11/1/2013,"Maintain a minimum of 1626 adult piping plovers (813 pairs) during each of 3 consecutive international censuses (i.e., over 11 years) in the Prairie Canada population. The Recovery Strategy was amended on 13 Aug 2007. No changes were made to the recovery goals established in 2006.",Counts from the most recent International Piping Plover Census in 2011 indicate an overall Canadian population of approximately 1033 adults of the interior subspecies. The count may be an underestimate because flooding in 2011 reduced available habitat and forced nesting pairs into areas not included in the census. However the consistent flooding since the last census suggests that reduction in population size is expected. Information on population trends for the interior subspecies shows a long-term (1991 to 2011) decline of 22.9% and a short-term decline of 12% over 2001 to 2011. ,Population is less than the short-term population goal and declining.,No "Piping plover, melodus subspecies",Charadrius melodus melodus,Bird,Endangered,9/29/2022,11/1/2013,6/8/2022,Short term: Achieve and maintain a regional population of 255 pairs and an annual productivity of 1.65 chicks fledged per territorial pair. Long-term: Increase the population to 310 pairs distributed across eastern Canada.,The 2011 International Piping Plover Census estimated an overall Canadian population of approximately 406 adults. The annual surveys available for the eastern subspecies indicate a population of 389 adults in 2013. Information from annual surveys shows a significant decline of 23% between 2003 and 2013.,Population is less than the short-term population goal and declining.,No Plymouth gentian,Sabatia kennedyana,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,9/8/2010,11/1/2012,11/1/2012,Maintain extant populations at present levels of abundance or greater at current locations. Restore habitats to re-establish populations.,"Available survey data are insufficient for direct assessment long-term trends, however, populations appear to have been relatively stable between 1984 and 2011. Available evidence suggests that the overall population trend for Canada over the past 15 years is likely a minor decline of less than 2%.","Relative stability is consistent with maintenance of populations, yet a minor decline may have occurred.",Mixed evidence Poor pocket moss,Fissidens pauperculus,Moss,Endangered,4/15/2010,12/1/2022,,Protect and maintain the extant population.,"In 2000, only 1 subpopulation was found of 1.03m2. A total of 6 colonies were observed in the original location in 2009 and an additional small colony was found nearby. In 2021, the colonies are conservatively estimated to be 3-6 m2; the total population is unknown due to the small size of the plants and their patchy distribution.",No decline in the population can be observed.,Yes Porsild's bryum,Haplodontium macrocarpum,Moss,Threatened,7/6/2016,11/1/2017,11/1/2017,"Maintain or increase the number of sub-populations and colonies. Where feasible, re-establish to known historic locations.","Currently, of 33 habitat patches, 79% have fewer than 50 individuals and 52% have fewer than 20 individuals, which is less than the minimum genetically effective population size of 50. In Alberta and Newfoundland, provinces that contain the majority of all known subpopulations, trends show a loss of approximately 17 colonies.","Where trends data is available (Alberta and Newfoundland), there was an overall decline of 28% in the number of colonies over the last three generations.",No Poweshiek skipperling,Oarisma poweshiek,Insect,Endangered,9/27/2012,11/1/2014,11/1/2014,"Ensure a self-sustaining population within and surrounding the Tall Grass Prairie Preserve, distributed within an area similar to that found in surveys.",Population size estimates are unavailable but a decline is suspected. The area of occupancy has changed little since 2002.,"Population decline is uncertain, area of occupancy is stable.",Mixed evidence Prairie lupine,Lupinus lepidus,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,8/11/2006,4/1/2009,4/1/2009,Manage and enhance the single extant population. Establish additional populations. One additional population (2 sub-populations) has been confirmed since recovery goals were set.,The species was known historically from 9 populations but only 2 populations are confirmed as extant. Consistent sampling has not been done for a long enough period to determine trends in population size and density. There is no evidence overall decline from 1999 to 2009. The new subpopulations found recently were likely always present. One population may now persist in the seed bank.,"No evidence of total population decline has been observed, and 1 additional population was discovered. ",Yes Prothonotary warbler,Protonotaria citrea,Bird,Endangered,3/1/2011,11/1/2016,11/1/2016,"Recover the Canadian population to at least 40 breeding pairs spread among at least 6 distinct nesting areas. By 2015, increase the current population to at least 15 pairs, spread among at least 5 nesting areas.","Numbers have remained stable or declined slightly from an estimated 28–34 mature individuals in 2005 to 28 in 2015. In Canada, breeding habitat is continuing to deteriorate due to invasive species.","While the rate of decline has slowed, the 2015 population objective was not met.",No Puget Oregonian snail,Cryptomastix devia,Mollusc,Extirpated,6/23/2010,5/1/2013,5/1/2013,Confirm the presence/absence of Puget Oregonian snail within the species' historic range. Protect any extant population(s) if found.,No change. Extensive searches within the historical range have failed to find the species.,No new sightings of this species in Canada have been recorded.,Operational goals Pugnose minnow,Opsopoeodus emiliae,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,5/19/2022,5/1/2025,,"Population objective: To ensure all sub-populations/populations (both extant and historical) demonstrate signs of reproduction and recruitment, and are stable or increasing, with low risk of known threats. Distribution objective: to ensure the survival of self-sustaining sub-populations/populations at the following locations within currently and, where feasible and warranted, historically occupied reaches. Currently occupied: Detroit/Canard rivers, Lake St. Clair/Chenail Ecarté, Lake St. Clair tributaries (North Sydenham River, East Sydenham River, East Otter Creek, Little Bear Creek, Maxwell Creek, Whitebread Drain/Grape Run). Historically occupied: McDougall Drain, Thames River.",The size of the Canadian population of pugnose minnow is unknown and existing evidence is insufficient to determine trends in abundance.,Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Pugnose minnow,Opsopoeodus emiliae,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,5/19/2022,5/1/2025,,"Population objective: To ensure all sub-populations/populations (both extant and historical) demonstrate signs of reproduction and recruitment, and are stable or increasing, with low risk of known threats. Distribution objective: to ensure the survival of self-sustaining sub-populations/populations at the following locations within currently and, where feasible and warranted, historically occupied reaches. Currently occupied: Detroit/Canard rivers, Lake St. Clair/Chenail Ecarté, Lake St. Clair tributaries (North Sydenham River, East Sydenham River, East Otter Creek, Little Bear Creek, Maxwell Creek, Whitebread Drain/Grape Run). Historically occupied: McDougall Drain, Thames River.",The size of the Canadian population of pugnose minnow is unknown and existing evidence is insufficient to determine trends in abundance.,Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Pugnose shiner,Notropis anogenus,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,1/25/2013,5/1/2013,4/21/2022,Maintain self-sustaining populations at existing locations. Restore self-sustaining populations to historic locations where feasible.,"Survey and monitoring projects, including both targeted and multi-species sampling, have been conducted throughout much of the species’ known distribution, as well as novel areas where the Pugnose Shiner was suspected to occur, leading to its detection at several new locations. There remains knowledge gaps and there are a number of locations where further targeted sampling should be conducted, including: the majority of locations where the species is extant; historical locations; new locations where the species has recently been detected; and, suspected locations.",Population trends are not available. The discovery of the species within a number of new locations also suggests that the population and distribution objectives for this species should be revaluated to reflect new information that has been acquired. ,Insufficient data to determine trends Pygmy pocket moss,Fissidens exilis,Moss,Not at risk,6/17/2016,12/20/2016,,To maintain the presence of all known extant occurrences located in natural habitat in Canada during the five years following the final publication of this management plan on the Species at Risk Public Registry.,No declines or direct imminent threats are known for this species.,No evidence suggest that the species is currently at risk in Canada.,Yes Pygmy short-horned lizard,Phrynosoma douglasii,Reptile,Extirpated,12/22/2017,11/1/2018,11/1/2018,"The recovery of the pygmy short-horned lizard in Canada is not considered technically and biologically feasible. This may be revisited if relict populations are discovered, and/or if translocation and reintroduction becomes feasible and appropriate.",Confirmed occurrences include 2 specimens. Last reliable sighting in 1957.,n/a,Not feasible Pygmy snaketail,Ophiogomphus howei,Insect,Special Concern,4/18/2013,11/1/2018,11/1/2018,Maintain presence of existing populations at all sites where they are currently known to occur and conserve new occurrences that are identified.,Insufficient data to determine population sizes,There is insufficient data available to determine population trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Rainbow smelt (Lake Utopia small-bodied population),Osmerus mordax ,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,10/26/2016,11/1/2018,,Maintain the current population distribution and abundance of the small-bodied and large-bodied populations of Lake Utopia rainbow smelt and the genetic diversity of the Lake Utopia Rainbow Smelt sympatric species pair.,"Based on samples conducted from 1998 to present, the population abundance of the Lake Utopia sympatric pair appears fairly consistent from year to year. ","The high abundance of small smelt spawners and their apparent restriction to only a few of the available tributaries may indicate that the lake itself is at maximum carrying capacity, at least for the small smelt (Curry et al. 2004). ",Yes Rayed bean,Villosa fabalis,Mollusc,Endangered,7/30/2019,4/1/2010,2/2/2024,Prevent the extirpation of rayed bean in Canada. Return/maintain healthy self-sustaining populations to the Sydenham and Thames rivers.,"In Canada, the rayed bean occurs only in Ontario where its range once included the Detroit, Sydenham and Thames rivers and western Lake Erie. The current distribution is restricted to the Sydenham River and a short reach of the North Thames River. A lack of historical records prevents an estimate of population change. However, there appears to be a much larger population in the Sydenham River than documented prior to 2000; the numbers found recently could not have been overlooked in historical studies.",Rayed bean is generally recognised to have significantly declined throughout its range in recent years. ,No "Red crossbill, percna subspecies",Loxia curvirostra percna,Bird,Threatened,10/25/2006,4/1/2016,,Prevent extirpation of the percna subspecies from the island of Newfoundland. Support a self-sustaining population.,Populations still remain in Newfoundland but are declining and habitat loss is expected.,Populations are declining.,No "Red knot, islandica subspecies",Calidris canutus islandica,Bird,Special Concern,11/24/2017,11/1/2020,,Short-term population objective: Halt the national decline before 2025. Long term population objective: to maintain the population at current levels. Distribution objective: to maintain the current extent of occurrence in Canada for breeding.,"Estimated 128,000 individuals in Canada with a stable or slightly fluctuating trend over the last three generations. There are insufficient data to determine if there is a decline in the extent of occurrence as different data sources and methods were used in the previous assessment.",There is no observed population decline; population appears stable.,Yes "Red knot, rufa subspecies",Calidris canutus rufa,Bird,Endangered,11/24/2017,11/1/2020,,"Short term population objective: halt national decline before 2025. Long term population objective: to increase and maintain the population at or above 100,000-150,000 individuals. Distribution objectives: to maintain the current extent of occurrence in Canada for breeding; and to conserve any Canadian stopover sites identified with greater than, or equal to, 1% of the current population (420 individuals).","Over 50,000 birds in 1982 and 2000 that declined to <10,000 in 2011 and 2018. It is estimated to be about 7,500 mature individuals (73% decline since 1999). Population continues to decline based on past winter surveys. Different data sources and methods were used in the previous assessment and therefore trends for extent of occupancy cannot be determined.",There is a continued population decline.,No Red mulberry,Morus rubra,"Vascular plant, tree",Endangered,2/28/2011,11/1/2014,11/1/2014,Maintain all currently existing populations of the species across its Canadian (Ontario) range and prevent further decline in the number of individuals.,The total known Canadian population is 217 individuals. The number of mature individuals has declined 6.3% since 2000 despite ongoing discovery of new trees at some sites. Three of 19 subpopulations appear to have been extirpated since 2000.,Population size and distribution are declining.,No Rigid apple moss,Bartramia stricta,Moss,Endangered,6/30/2011,12/1/2023,,"The population and distribution goal is to maintain the extant populations of the rigid apple moss at current or greater population sizes throughout the current range of the species. The objectives are to maintain or increase the total Canadian population from 2010 levels (assuming a natural range of annual variability), and maintain all populations extant in 2010.","In Canada, there are a total of 1136 individuals observed at 11 extant subpopulations in British Columbia. In addition, 1 subpopulation was first observed in 2023 and has yet to be confirmed. One (1) subpopulation is presumed to be extirpated due to presence of invasive vegetation. This species is restricted to Garry Oak ecosystems.","Population trends are unknown due to lack of long-term monitoring and inconsistencies in survey methodology. The increase in the known range is a result of an increase in search effort and subsequent discovery of pre-existing subpopulations, not a true increase in population size. Historical decline is inferred from a decline in Garry Oak ecosystems.",Insufficient data to determine trends Riverine clubtail (Great Lakes Plains population),Stylurus amnicola,Insect,Endangered,10/21/2021,5/1/2023,,"To maintain the two existing local populations and the current distribution of the species in Canada, as well as any newly discovered local populations. ",Estimating total population size is difficult as no reliable estimates have been completed.,"Trends in Canadian population size are unknown due to a lack of repeated, quantitative surveys.",Insufficient data to determine trends Rocky Mountain ridged mussel,Gonidea angulata,Mollusc,Special Concern,7/15/2011,11/1/2010,5/11/2023,"Management Goal: Maintain viable, self-sustaining, ecologically functioning and broadly distributed populations within suitable habitats in its current distribution/range in B.C. Objectives: 1) By 2015, address knowledge gaps about the life history, provincial range and threats to the Rocky Mountain ridged mussel; 2) By 2015, inventory 75% of potential littoral habitat within the Okanagan River watershed, with standardized protocol for habitat and threat information collected at each site searched; 3) By 2015, demonstrate an increased number of stewardship activities initiated and completed for land managers and public users of habitat occupied by the Rocky Mountain ridged mussel; 4) As research and inventory results on the Rocky Mountain ridged mussel become available, incorporate into land-use planning to include future threat mitigation and land-use protection.","Population information on the Rocky Mountain ridged mussel is limited and densities likely vary depending on habitat suitability and quality, with lower quality habitat supporting lower mussel densities.","Further efforts will be necessary to meet the management goal of maintaining viable, self-sustaining, ecologically-functioning and broadly-distributed populations of Rocky Mountain ridged mussel in British Columbia.",Insufficient data to determine trends Rocky Mountain sculpin (Eastslope populations),Cottus sp.,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,11/13/2012,11/1/2019,4/5/2024,Protect and maintain self-sustaining populations of the Rocky Mountain sculpin within its current range in the St. Mary and Milk river watersheds in Canada.,Assumed maintenance of populations in Alberta.,"No evidence to suggest population decline in Milk River and St. Mary basins in AB; this suggests maintenance of populations (from PR); however, siphon failures and subsequent reduction in water levels in 2020 and 2024 may have implications on population levels; the latest 2024 failure is still emerging.",Yes Rocky Mountain sculpin (Missouri River populations),Cottus sp. ,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,11/13/2012,11/1/2019,,"Recovery goal: To protect and maintain self-sustaining populations of the Rockey Mountain sculpin within its current range in the St. Mary and Milk river watersheds in Canada. Recovery objectives: 1. Quantify and maintain current population levels of Rocky Mountain sculpin in the St. Mary and Milk river watersheds, as determined from standardized surveys. 2. Increase knowledge of the taxonomy, life history, basic biology, and habitat requirements of the Rocky Mountain sculpin and 3. Increase our understanding of how human activities affect Rocky Mountain sculpin survival, so that potential threats to the species can be avoided, eliminated, or mitigated.",Rocky Mountain sculpin appear to be locally abundant where present. No changes have been observed in its distribution in the St. Mary River and is currently found only above the St. Mary Reservoir.,There are no specific population estimates ,Insufficient data to determine trends Rocky Mountain sculpin (Saskatchewan – Nelson River populations),Cottus sp.,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,11/13/2012,11/1/2019,,"Recovery goal: To protect and maintain self-sustaining populations of the Rockey Mountain sculpin within its current range in the St. Mary and Milk river watersheds in Canada. Recovery objectives: 1. Quantify and maintain current population levels of Rocky Mountain sculpin in the St. Mary and Milk river watersheds, as determined from standardized surveys. 2. Increase knowledge of the taxonomy, life history, basic biology, and habitat requirements of the Rocky Mountain sculpin and 3. Increase our understanding of how human activities affect Rocky Mountain sculpin survival, so that potential threats to the species can be avoided, eliminated, or mitigated.",Rocky Mountain sculpin appear to be locally abundant where present. No changes have been observed in its distribution in the St. Mary River and is currently found only above the St. Mary Reservoir.,There are no specific population estimates ,Insufficient data to determine trends Roell's brotherella moss,Brotherella roellii,Moss,Endangered,9/29/2022,5/1/2025,,"The population and distribution goal is to maintain the species’ distribution throughout its range in British Columbia, and if feasible and appropriate increase the number of individuals at extant populations or re-introduce the species at historical locations.","All known extant subpopulations in Canada occur in southwestern British Columbia. There are currently 52 known subpopulations: 30 known extant subpopulations, 12 that are geographically unconfirmed, 4 suspected to be extirpated and 6 considered extirpated; and 20 new subpopulations discovered since the previous assessment. Given the general stability of subpopulations, the new subpopulations found were probably present previously and simply had not been documented. The estimated number of individuals/colonies is at least 106. Based on the 2002 to 2022 data, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,787 km2 and the index of area of occupancy (IAO) is 128 km2 which are slight increases since 2010 but likely due to improved survey effort. There has been a continuing decline in number of subpopulations of approximately 14% over 12 years and evidence of local extirpations.",A continuing decline (of uncertain magnitude) in the number of mature individuals is inferred based on a 14% decline in the number of subpopulations in 12 years (close to one generation). The observed increase in EOO and IAO from the previous assessment is due to continued search effort and the discovery of 20 new subpopulations. ,Mixed evidence Roseate tern,Sterna dougallii,Bird,Endangered,10/25/2006,5/1/2023,,"By 2015, have no fewer than 150 pairs of roseate terns nesting in at least 3 colonies in Canada. Enhance productivity at managed colonies. Restore a broader distribution by establishing at least 1 more managed colony.",Canadian breeding population is about 106-146 mature individuals. The number of adult birds breeding and the range have declined by about 64% over 3 generations (1995-2019).,Population of 106-146 individuals below population goal with an observed decline in the number of breeding adults at known colonies. ,No Ross's gull,Rhodostethia rosea,Bird,Threatened,11/20/2007,4/1/2021,,(1) Maintain known current distribution and number of pairs of Ross's gulls breeding in Canada over a five-year average; (2) encourage further research and surveys that may reveal previously unknown nesting concentrations in the Canadian Arctic; (3) protect breeding habitat through stewardship and conservation agreements and undertake studies to identify critical habitat; and (4) determine the significance of threats at breeding locations and implement management strategies to reduce threats.,"There is insufficient data to determine trends in abundance of Ross's gull in Canada. Low reproductive success suggest that Canadian populations may now or soon be in decline. From 2005 to 2018 only 4 of 23 confirmed nesting attempts at Nasaruvaalik Island produced any chicks, and no chicks were known to survive to fledging. They are no longer known to breed near Churchill since 2006. ",No Ross's gull were observed at the previous breeding sight near Churchill and there is low breeding success at the site on Nasaruvaalik Island.,No Rougheye rockfish type I,Sebastes sp. type I,"Fish, marine",Special Concern,4/30/2012,4/1/2007,4/13/2023,Maintain sustainable populations within each species’ known range in Canadian Pacific waters.,"The 2020 rougheye/blackspotted rockfish assessment showed that populations in both the North (predominantly blackspotted) and South (predominantly rougheye) are in decline, but are projected to stabilize at sustainable levels under the current management regime. Furthermore, both populations are estimated to be in the “healthy zone” (above provisional upper stock reference point) under the Precautionary Approach (PA) Framework.","While progress has been made towards meeting the goal and objectives of the management plan, more work needs to be undertaken to better understand stock structure, and to complete regular stock assessments for longspine thornyhead and rougheye rockfish.",Yes Rougheye rockfish type II,Sebastes sp. type II,"Fish, marine",Special Concern,4/30/2012,4/1/2007,4/13/2023,Maintain sustainable populations within each species’ known range in Canadian Pacific waters.,"The 2020 rougheye/blackspotted rockfish assessment showed that populations in both the North (predominantly blackspotted) and South (predominantly rougheye) are in decline, but are projected to stabilize at sustainable levels under the current management regime. Furthermore, both populations are estimated to be in the “healthy zone” (above provisional upper stock reference point) under the Precautionary Approach (PA) Framework.","While progress has been made towards meeting the goal and objectives of the management plan, more work needs to be undertaken to better understand stock structure, and to complete regular stock assessments for longspine thornyhead and rougheye rockfish.",Yes Round hickorynut,Obovaria subrotunda,Mollusc,Endangered,7/13/2006,5/1/2013,5/18/2022,Return healthy self-sustaining populations to the Sydenham River and Lake St. Clair delta. Re-establish populations in historically occupied habitats.,"Between 2003 and 2013, Round Hickorynut is estimated to have declined between 75% and 95% as populations in the Sydenham River and Lake St. Clair have declined to levels near extirpation. Approximately 55 000 mature individuals were reported in Lake St. Clair in 2001, and the 2013 population was estimated at 825 to 13 750 mature individuals. No mature individuals were found alive during surveys in the Sydenham River between 2002 and 2009, except for 1 in 2012. The 2013 extent of occurrence is 120 square kilometres, which represents a decline of 92% since 2001.",Sampling conducted in the last five years has not led to the detection of Round Hickorynut at new or historically occupied locations.,No Round pigtoe,Pleurobema sintoxia,Mollusc,Endangered,7/30/2019,5/1/2014,2/2/2024,"Prevent the extirpation of the round pigtoe in Canada. Return healthy self-sustaining populations to the Sydenham, Thames and Grand rivers and the St. Clair Delta.","The round pigtoe continues to be detected during routine index station monitoring in the St. Clair River delta, and the Sydenham, Thames, and Grand rivers. The species occupies a small zone, with continuing declines in habitat area, extent and quality. Numbers of live individuals found were lower in 3 sites in the St. Clair River delta. In the Grand River, the number of live individuals found had increased but these individuals were large/old animals and the increase was likely due to an increase in search effort.","There has been a decline in the area, extent and quality of habitat and an apparent decrease in the number of live individuals.",Mixed evidence Rusty blackbird,Euphagus carolinus,Bird,Special Concern,7/31/2015,4/1/2017,,"Stop the population decline by 2025. In the longer term, demonstrate a sustained increase.","Since 1970, the population has declined 85 to 90%. However, the population has been fairly stable between 2004 and 2014. ",Declines appear to have levelled off.,Yes Rusty cord-moss,Entosthodon rubiginosus,Moss,Endangered,9/21/2012,4/1/2017,4/1/2017,"Maintain or improve population sizes for the 6 known extant populations in Canada, as well as any other populations that may be identified.","Rusty Cord-moss is now known from 17 sites, most of which are small. Resurveyed subpopulations appear stable, but many sites with small subpopulations could not be relocated in 2015, making it difficult to estimate trends.",Population sizes appear stable. Some sites with a few individuals may have disappeared.,Mixed evidence Rusty-patched bumble bee,Bombus affinis,Insect,Endangered,2/21/2020,12/1/2022,,"Ensure the viability of the local population in Pinery Provincial Park and of any other local population that might be discovered in the future, and as needed, increase the number of viable local populations in the species’ current and historical range, in order to form in the long term and to the extent possible a species’ distribution that is not severely fragmented as a result of non-natural causes.","Focused, intensive searches have not detected this bumblebee since 2009. Habitat quality continues to decline due to changes in agricultural practices and increasing development.",n/a,Operational goals Sage thrasher,Oreoscoptes montanus,Bird,Endangered,12/10/2014,11/1/2021,,"To enable a population of sage thrashers, in the range of 15-20 pairs, to persist across a minimum of five sites distributed across the species' Canadian range.","There is an estimated 6 to 24 mature individuals in British Columbia and 1 to 12 mature individuals in Alberta and Saskatchewan. There is no indication of decline, however sightings are too scarce to reliably estimate trends.",Population trends cannot be reliably estimated due to scarce sightings.,Insufficient data to determine trends Salamander mussel (also mudpuppy mussel),Simpsonaias ambigua,Mollusc,Endangered,7/30/2019,5/1/2011,2/2/2024,Prevent the extirpation of the salamander mussel in Canada. Return/maintain healthy self-sustaining populations to the Sydenham and Thames rivers and St. Clair River delta.,"The salamander mussel continues to be detected during routine index station monitoring in the Sydenham River.The salamander mussel appears to be restricted to the East Sydenham River in Canada, where 17 live animals were found at 4 different sites during extensive surveys in 1997 to 1999. Although the data are few, there is no evidence that the population in the Sydenham River is declining. Habitat quality continues to decline from intense agriculture, urban development, and pollution from point and non-point sources. The broad range of sizes of live specimens and fresh shells indicate that there is ongoing recruitment. ",Habitat quality continues to decline and the species is currently found in only 1 river.,No Salish sucker,Catostomus sp. cf. catostomus,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,2/26/2020,5/1/2024,8/17/2022,"The population objectives for the Salish sucker are reach-specific and range from 1500-5500 for a total of 31,500 individuals in Canada. The short-term distribution objective is continued persistence in all eleven currently-occupied watersheds. The long-term distribution objective is presence in all critical habitat reaches.","Mark-recapture estimates at the population and sub-population level are documented in the recovery strategy. Some abundance estimates have been updated, per the progress report.","Recent population estimates indicate substantial decline in the total population over the past decade. Catastrophic declines (>80%) are estimated for several sub-populations over the same period, due to de-watering or hypoxic events.",No Sand-dune short-capsuled willow,Saule psammophile,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,12/18/2013,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,Maintain current population density and area of occupancy.,Population estimated to be 4 240 000 to 90 500 000 individuals. Potential decline in extent of occurrence based on forest ingress along western margins of William River dunes. Decline in habitat due to net conversion of open dune area to forest.,No information available to directly assess population trends,Insufficient data to determine trends Sand-verbena moth,Copablepharon fuscum,Insect,Endangered,10/23/2012,11/1/2013,12/21/2023,Increase the size of the 4 known extant subpopulations and establish 1 additional subpopulation in Canada.,"Five sites are recorded in British Columbia, 2 of which are new since the initial assessment. Population numbers are not well known, therefore a change their numbers cannot be reported. A reduction can be inferred based on cumulative habitat losses at all sites. No occurrences were observed in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve during extensive surveys performed in 2014, 2016 and 2022.",Population numbers are not well-enough known to assess change.,Insufficient data to determine trends "Savannah sparrow, princeps subspecies",Passerculus sandwichensis princeps,Bird,Special Concern,10/25/2006,5/1/2023,,Maintain the breeding population at the current level.,No change. Population has remained relatively stable over the past two decades. The breeding population is estimated to be about 5100 mature individuals.,Stable population is consistent with recovery goals.,Yes Sea otter,Enhydra lutris,Mammal,Special Concern,12/19/2007,4/1/2022,4/18/2023,"To conserve abundance and distribution in Canada as observed in 2008, and promote the continued population growth and expansion into formerly occupied regions such as Haida Gwaii, Barkley Sound, and north mainland British Columbia coast.",Since 1995 the sea otter population has grown at an approximate rate of 8.7% per year in British Columbia.,"Sea otter numbers are stable and growing. Abundance at 2017 represents a 12-fold increase since 1990, or a 5-fold increase since 1996. Sea Otters have continued to expand their geographic range and are now at carrying capacity in some areas.",Yes Seaside birds-foot lotus,Lotus formosissimus,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,8/11/2006,11/1/2010,11/1/2010,"Maintain all 5 extant populations/subpopulations, increasing small populations and conserving larger populations at their current levels of abundance. Establish 1 additional population containing at least 100 flowering individuals per year. The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada reassessment considers 2 of the extant sites as a single population, accounting for the difference in the number of sites considered.","The extant Canadian populations include an estimated total of 650 to 960 mature individuals. One population contains only 3 mature individuals, while the other 3 each number in the hundreds. Inconsistencies in the area surveyed make it impossible to determine trends in the entire Canadian range. However, populations and subpopulations that have been surveyed repeatedly appear stable.",Populations appear to be self-sustaining. No new populations have been established,Mixed evidence Seaside bone lichen,Hypogymnia heterophylla,Lichen,Threatened,2/3/2017,4/1/2022,,"To maintain the distribution, and to maintain or (where appropriate) increase the abundance of all extant populations of this species in Canada, including any populations which may be identified in the future.",Population trends are unknown. The previous 2008 esimated number of seaside bone lichen in Canada was approximately 1000 thalli. Due to an increase in search effort and new sites being located the current population estimate is between 600 000 and 3 000 000 thalli. This reflects the increase in search effort and not an increase in population size. ,Population trends are unknown. ,Insufficient data to determine trends Seaside centipede lichen,Heterodermia sitchensis,Lichen,Endangered,2/14/2007,4/1/2021,,The recovery objectives are: (1) Protect habitat at all known occurrences throughout its Canadian distribution; (2) implement appropriate site management at all protected occurrences; (3) protect ecosystem processes critical to the species; and (4) fill knowledge gaps.,"The most recent population count totals 314 thalli, the total population is estimated to be fewer than 1000 individuals on Vancouver Island. It is divided among 20 spatially separate occurrences (of which 3 may be extirpated) grouped into 4 geographically distinct subpopulations. ",Quantitative measurements are not available for this indicator.,Operational goals Sei whale (Pacific population),Balaenoptera borealis,Mammal,Endangered,7/14/2006,5/1/2013,1/19/2022,Maintain or increase the relative proportion of Sei whales that occur in Pacific Canadian waters compared to the whole population through to 2016. Attain a long-term viable population of Sei Whales that occasionally use Canadian Pacific waters.,"There are insufficient data on Sei whales to assess migration or population structure. In August 2012, there were two confirmed sightings of a possible total of four Sei Whales in the outer portion of Canada’s Economic Exclusion Zone. ",The infrequency of observations (visual and acoustic) suggests that numbers in Canada are currently very low (well below 250 mature individuals). Additional information is required to determine if any recovery progress has been made.,Insufficient data to determine trends Sharp-tailed snake,Contia tenuis,Reptile,Endangered,8/21/2020,11/1/2021,,To ensure that sharp-tailed snake populations are stable or increasing in abundance and are well distributed across the species' natural range in British Columbia.,"The sharp-tailed snake was previously assessed as a single designatable unit. An isolated population in the Pemberton Valley has been documented and constitutes the Coast Mountains deginatable unit. The Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands subpopulations form the Pacific Coast designatable unit. The Pacific Coast poulation is estiamted at about 12,000 and the Coast Mountains population at 350 mature individuals. Population trends are unknown for the species.",Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Short-eared owl,Asio flammeus,Bird,Special Concern,10/4/2018,4/1/2021,,"The management objectives are, in the short-term, to stabilize or increase the population trend over the 2018-2028 period and maintain the area of occupancy at 1,500,000 km2, and, in the long term, to ensure a positive 10-year population trend starting in 2028, while promoting an increase in the area of occupancy, including the gradual recolonization of areas in the southern portion of the Canadian range.","The short-eared owl can be found throughout Canada. There is an estimated 31,000 mature individuals in the Canadian population with over half of the total breeding in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. The number of mature individuals in Canada is estimated to be 31 195. Data from the Breeding Bird Survey and Christmas Bird counts indicate a decline of more than 30% over the past three generations. ",The population has declined by more than 30% in the last 3 generations and there is an inferred continuing decline.,No Shortnose cisco,Coregonus reighardi,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,8/9/2012,4/1/2017,,Not feasible,n/a,n/a,Not feasible Short-tailed albatross,Phoebastria albatrus,Bird,Threatened,5/2/2008,11/1/2013,11/1/2013,Support and augment international efforts to restore and increase populations.,"The population in 2012 is estimated to be between 3400 and 3500 birds (with a high proportion of immatures and young adults) and is undergoing continued exponential growth of about 7.5% per year. Annual sightings of non-breeders in Alaska, the U.S. west coast and British Columbia are rising at similar rates. ",Population size continues to increase. ,Yes Silver chub (Great Lakes - Upper St. Lawrence populations),Macrhybopsis storeriana,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,9/7/2010,5/1/2012,,Maintain or enhance existing populations in Canada and improve the quality and quantity of their associated habitats between 2010 and 2030.,Abundance has declined substantially over the past 10 years and has remained consistently low over the last 5 years. ,Population has declined substantially. ,No Silver hair moss,Fabronia pusilla,Moss,Endangered,5/2/2008,5/1/2012,5/1/2012,Confirm the presence of silver hair moss. Protect and maintain any extant populations.,"No change. In Canada, it is known from only 1 cliff in southwestern BC, and although the species has not been found during recent surveys, the expanse of available habitat there, combined with the small stature of the moss, suggests that the species may still be present in at this site.",No new sightings of this species in Canada have been recorded.,Operational goals Skillet clubtail,Gomphurus ventricosus,Insect,Endangered,10/28/2021,4/1/2022,,"Maintain a stable population within the species’ range in Canada, including any new sites that may be identified in the future.",Data are insufficient to estimate population trends. Increased survey effort and reporting have resulted in identifying 10 new subpopulations since the first COSEWIC assessment in 2010. There are now 13 known subpopulations.,There is insufficient information to determine the population and population trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Slender mouse-ear-cress,Crucihimalaya virgata,"Vascular Plant, herb",Threatened,11/30/2012,12/1/2022,,Maintain the persistence of known naturally occurring populations within the current range of the species in Canada.,"Alberta has 12 known extant subpopulations of 664-4469 individuals and Saskatchewan has a 20 known extant subpopulations of 472-4439 individuals. Since the last status update in 2000, 24 subpopulations were found in Alberta and Saskatchewan, but 5 subpopulations have been ranked historical.","Large fluctuations observed between years when sites have been revisited. Increase in population is due to the discovery of new subpopulations, and 5 known subpopulations have been lost. ",Mixed evidence Slender popcornflower,Plagiobothrys tenellus,"Vascular plant, herb",Threatened,9/17/2014,,12/21/2023,"1) maintain the Saturna Island population of slender popcornflower. 2) maintain the habitat at the Galiano Island population 1, Galiano Island population 2, Lone Tree Hill, Mayne Island, South Pender Island, and North Pender Island locations while the feasibility of population restoration is assessed for slender popcornflower; and 3) establish and/or augment populations to increase abundance and distribution if determined to be feasible and biologically appropriate for slender popcornflower","The Saturna Island population is the only extant population in Canada. Periodic surveys of the species occurred in the late 1990's and early 2000's. Annual population monitoring of the Saturna Island population begain in 2013, and quantitative surveys began in 2016 to establish a baseline to help detect future trends in population size and distribution. In 2017, slender popcornflower seeds were sown at an extant subpopulation and new subpopulation on Saturna Island. Annual population monitoring in 2018 showed positive results. The extant subpopulation increased from 26 plants in 2017 to 941 plants in 2019, and the new subpopulation increased from 0 plants in 2017 to 1828 plants in 2019. In 2022, the two subpopulations increased to 3966 individuals combined. The historic population site within Gulf Islands National Park Reserve on Mount Norman, South Pender Island, was surveyed in 2015. No slender popcornflower plants were found and the population is believed to have been extirpated. The site was deemed largely unsuitable for re-introduction efforts due to a paucity of remaining suitable habitat. It is unknown if other historic population sites within the Gulf Islands have been surveyed in recent years. Though similar to Mount Norman, it is highly likely that these sites lack suitable habitat.","Population and distribution trends are consistent with objectives 1 and 3. Population at Saturna Island has been augmented and maintained. With respect to objective 2, habitat for the species has either not been maintained or not been evaluated. ",Mixed evidence Small whorled pogonia,Isotria medeoloides,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,6/20/2007,5/1/2011,5/1/2011,The long-term goal (2006 to 2026) of this recovery strategy is to maintain the persistence and viability of Canada's only population. Protect extant populations and viable habitat.,"This species' habitat has continued to decline in quality and it has not been seen since 1998. However, this species can remain dormant for years at a time, and therefore there is still a chance it exists.",No new sightings of this species in Canada have been recorded. Habitat is declining in quality.,No Small-flowered sand-verbena,Tripterocalyx micranthus,"Vascular Plant, herb",Endangered,11/30/2012,12/1/2022,,To maintain the persistence of known naturally occurring populations within the current range of the species in Canada.,"Canadian population size was estimated at 5,152 plants.",Population size and trends for this species cannot be accurately described because of incomplete data for most subpopulations. Suffield NWA subpopulation exhibited stable trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Snuffbox,Epioblasma triquetra,Mollusc,Endangered,7/30/2019,11/1/2011,2/2/2024,"Prevent extirpation of snuffbox in Canada. Return healthy self-sustaining populations to the Ausable, Grand, Sydenham and Thames rivers and the St. Clair River delta.","Snuffbox continues to be detected during routine index station monitoring in the Ausable and Sydenham rivers. Snuffbox is currently restricted to the East Sydenham and Ausable rivers. Abundance has declined since the 1960s, but reproduction is still occurring. While it may appear that the population size has recently increased since 2001, it is most likely due to increased sampling effort.",Populations in the Sydenham and Ausable rivers appear to be viable as reproduction is occurring at both. The extent of occupancy in these rivers has remained stable.,Mixed evidence Soapweed,Yucca glauca,"Vascular plant, herb",Threatened,8/11/2011,5/1/2013,5/1/2013,"Maintain the existing habitat and distribution of soapweed in Alberta. Maintain naturally self-sustaining populations at the AAFC Onefour Research Station site and increase the reproductive capacity at the Pinhorn site. By 2011, attain a value for annual fruiting success for the Pinhorn population of at least 5% of flowers and maintain annual fruiting success at AAFC Onefour Research Station of at least 7% of flowers. Ensure no loss of soapweed plants due to harvesting for horticultural or medicinal purposes.","This species is only known from 3 prairie sites. A slight increase has been observed at 1 site but longer-term trends are uncertain. Other sites are stable. Fruiting success has increased at Pinhorn, in part due to protection from deer. A critical component of soapweed population health in the long term is the persistence of the mutualism with the yucca moth, as soapweed plants are pollinated exclusively by yucca moth.",No decline or fluctuation in population has been documented. Fruiting success has increased at 1 site.,Yes Sonora skipper,Polites sonora,Insect,Not at risk,12/30/2015,11/1/2016,11/1/2016,Ensure the persistence at all known (and newly recorded) locations throughout the species' range in British Columbia.,There is insufficient information to estimate population trends. All subpopulations are considered to be self-sustaining.,There is no evidence of a decline.,Yes Sowerby's beaked whale,Mesoplodon bidens ,Mammal,Special Concern,4/26/2017,5/1/2019,,Maintain a stable Sowerby’s beaked whale population throughout its range in Atlantic Canadian waters.,Available population estimates are based on limited data and have very large confidence intervals. Therefore there are insufficient data to estimate total population size or to detect trends.,Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Speckled dace,Rhinichthys osculus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,5/1/2018,11/1/2016,12/22/2023,Maintain current distribution and abundance within natural fluctuations.,"The current population estimate of approximately 940,000 adult fish may be low (due to sampling methodology) and its entire distribution may not have been sampled; as well, the estimate is a single one, so a population trend cannot be discerned.","The status of the species is believed to be stable based on continued observation of the speckled dace in monitoring programs, though definitive population abundance and trend data are lacking.",Insufficient data to determine trends Spoon-leaved moss,Bryoandersonia illecebra,Moss,Threatened,10/25/2006,11/1/2017,11/1/2017,"Conserve existing populations in the long term and, if feasible, restore long-term stability and self-sustainability by increasing the size of existing populations and/or the number of known occurrences.","Previous reporting identified 3 subpopulations. Due to an increase in search effort, 20 subpopulations have now been identified. Sizes of most subpopulations revisited appear stable, however there has not been sufficient sampling to determine population trends.",Sizes of revisited subpopulations appear stable.,Yes Spotted gar,Lepisosteus oculatus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,2/8/2024,11/1/2015,10/10/2024,"Maintain current distributions and densities of extant populations Point Pelee National Park, Rondeau Bay and Long Point Bay.","There are no long-term data for this species. Current population estimate of mature individuals for Point Pelee is 483, for Rondeau Bay is 8121 and the Long Point Bay population is likely very small (only 21 individuals captured since 1947).",Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends "Spotted owl, caurina subspecies",Strix occidentalis caurina,Bird,Endangered,10/25/2006,4/1/2008,4/1/2008,"Immediate objective is to stop the population decline. Establish a stable or increasing, self-sustaining population (more than 250 mature individuals) that is distributed throughout its natural range.","Populations of the spotted owl have declined throughout its range in Canada. In British Columbia, inventories between 1992 and 2002 indicate the Canadian population declined by approximately 67% during that period. At the low population levels of 2002, extirpation of the spotted owl from Canada was estimated to likely occur within 5 to 10 years.",Population continues to decline; extirpation appears likely.,No Spotted sucker,Minytrema melanops,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,10/19/2009,11/1/2014,4/26/2022,"Maintain, or enhance, existing populations, and improve the quality and quantity of their associated habitats.",It is difficult to establish viable estimates of population size and distribution in the absence of detailed abundance records.,Further monitoring and assessment should be conducted to refine the extent of the distributions for these species and determine their abundance.,Insufficient data to determine trends Spotted wintergreen,Chimaphila maculata,"Vascular plant, herb",Threatened,12/30/2015,4/1/2017,4/1/2017,"Maintain the current abundance and the distribution of all existing sub-populations in Canada, and increase the abundance where possible.","Surveys from 2011–2014 suggest that abundance, indicated by stem counts, is certainly stable, and may be increasing.",The population appears to be stable or increasing.,Yes Spotted wolffish,Anarhichas minor,"Fish, marine",Threatened,2/27/2020,11/1/2012,5/8/2024,Increase the population levels and distribution such that the long-term viability of this species is achieved.,"This species underwent strong declines from the late 1970s until the mid-1990s, but since then there has been some recovery over most of its Canadian range. This is indicated by both increases in abundance and area of occupancy. Since 1996, there has been a substantial rebound. While these recent increases are encouraging, the species is still at low levels compared with the beginning of the research surveys. Since the last DFO assessment in 2014, the population status remains relatively unchanged and has shown little recovery. ","Fall survey biomass index in Newfoundland and Labrador has increased. Based on the 2024 SAR, increases in abundance in NL (NAFO Divisions 2H and 2J3K) have occurred since the late-1990s, where the majority of the population resides. ",Yes Sprague's pipit,Anthus spragueii,Bird,Threatened,5/2/2008,4/1/2010,4/1/2010,The recovery goals for the Sprague’s pipit are to increase and then maintain population size and distribution at or above the 1980–1989 levels throughout the pipit’s historic range in Canada and to prevent further loss and degradation of native prairie within its historic range. The Recovery Strategy was amended in 2012. No changes were made to the recovery goals established in 2008. The Recovery Strategy was amended in 2012. No changes were made to the recovery goals established in 2008.,"The species has experienced long-term declines with no evidence of recovery. Long-term data from Bird Conservation Region 11, which includes most of the Sprague's pipit population in Canada, show a decline of 4.4% per year between 1968 and 2008. Short-term data from the most recent 12-year period (1996−2008) show a non-significant increase of 1.4% per year.","The long-term decline of Sprague's pipit appears to have stopped, although no significant recovery has yet occurred. ",Yes Spring blue-eyed mary,Collinsia verna,"Vascular Plant, herb",Extirpated,6/23/2010,12/1/2022,,To follow the progress and findings of the ongoing cultivation and reintroduction studies in the United States.,n/a,n/a,Operational goals Steller sea lion,Eumetopias jubatus,Mammal,Special Concern,1/25/2011,11/1/2013,12/20/2018,"Ensure that Canada does not cause unsustainable population declines, or a contraction of the current range or number of breeding sites in Canada.",Large population increases have been observed since Steller sea lions were protected in 1970 with a 4- to 5-fold increase in the size of the population in British Columbia. Two new rookeries have established in British Columbia.,"Populations have been increasing since the 1970s, and there has been an increase in the number of breeding sites.",Yes Streaked horned lark,Eremophila alpestris strigata,Bird,Endangered,11/20/2007,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,Establish and maintain a breeding population of at least 10 breeding pairs distributed across a minimum of 3 sites within its historical breeding range.,"The population is currently estimated to be zero birds. It was last confirmed breeding in 1978, with the most recent indications of potential breeding in 2002.",The population is currently estimated to be zero birds. ,No Striped bass (St. Lawrence River population),Morone saxatilis,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,10/7/2011,11/1/2019,11/15/2017,"Recovery goal: Restore, over the next ten years, a striped bass population capable of reproducing and sustaining itself in the St. Lawrence Estuary and of integrating itself into the biological community without disturbance. Recovery Objectives: 1.Increase the number of striped bass; 2.Identify the habitats used by the striped bass; 3.Monitor the status of the striped bass population; 4.Monitor the status of certain components of the ichthyological community (prey, predators, competitors) in relationship with the striped bass; 5.Protect the striped bass population and its most important habitat. ","Fish from the St. Lawrence River population have not been caught since 1968 despite extensive scientific, recreational and commercial sampling. In 2002, fish from another population (Miramichi River) began to be stocked in the St. Lawrence River and, as the key historical threats in the St. Lawrence River had decreased, these fish established a self-reproducing population. Because these newly established fish were from another population, they are not considered to be part of the original St. Lawrence River population. The original St. Lawrence River population no longer exists.",The original St. Lawrence Striped Bass population is considered extinct.,No Sweet pepperbush,Clethra alnifolia,"Vascular plant, herb",Threatened,9/8/2010,5/1/2014,5/1/2014,Maintain a persistent population and habitat in Nova Scotia.,"Trends have not been quantified but shoreline development may be causing a slight decline, likely not exceeding 4.6%. Threats due to invasive alien species and nutrient enrichment could have significant effects in the future, but do not yet appear to have reduced populations. ",Population appears to be stable or declining slightly.,Yes Swift fox,Vulpes velox,Mammal,Threatened,1/14/2008,4/1/2021,11/1/2009,"By 2012, ensure a mature, reproducing population size of at least 250 foxes. By 2027, restore a self-sustaining population of 1000 or more mature, reproducing foxes.","The current population of swift fox in Canada is from reintroductions. In 1991/1992, the Canadian population was estimated to be 225 individuals. By 2000/2001, the population had more than doubled to 656 and reached a high in 2005/2006. An inferred population decline took place between the 2005/2006 and 2014/2015 surveys. Camera trapping in 2015 and 2018 suggests the population has remained stable. The current number of mature individuals estimated is 445.","The Canadian population increased from 1996 to 2001. An inferred population decline took place between the 2005/2006 and 2014/2015 surveys. However, camera trapping in 2015 and 2018 suggests the population has remained stable.",Yes Tall bugbane,Actaea elata,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,3/17/2017,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,"Maintain stable or increasing number of populations and quality and quantity of habitat. Where feasible, restore additional populations and connective habitat within historic range.",Insufficient data exist to calculate population trends.,Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends Tall woolly-heads,Psilocarphus elatior,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,8/11/2006,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,Maintain existing populations at current levels of abundance or greater. Restore populations to a level of abundance and distribution comparable to historical levels. Attain a viable population with a high probability of persistence. ,"In 2015, there were 50 000 to 65 000 mature individuals. Extreme fluctuations in mature plants may be a limiting factor if seeds do not persist in the soil for many years.",The largest subpopulation has decreased as a result of dumping of dredge spoils and loss of habitat.,No Taylor's checkerspot,Euphydryas editha taylori,Insect,Endangered,8/11/2006,5/1/2011,5/1/2011,Attain viable self-sustaining populations within the species' historic range in Canada.,The species is extant at only 1 site; population size within the habitat surveyed is estimated as approximately 13 000. The population is projected to decline given current habitat trends. No other sites of occurrence have been found despite extensive searches.,"Population trends are unknown, but geographic range is not increasing.",No Threaded vertigo,Vertigo rowellii,Mollusc,Special Concern,2/18/2019,5/1/2022,,"To maintain populations of threaded vertigo at all extant sites within the province, including any additional populations that may be identified in the future.","There is a total of 76 records of the species from 42 sites in British Columbia. Since the previous COSEWIC (2010) satus report, 48 new records and 22 new sites have been documented. There is insufficient data to determine species trends.",Insufficient datat to determine population and distribution trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Timber rattlesnake,Crotalus horridus,Reptile,Extirpated,3/23/2010,5/1/2023,,The recovery of the timber rattlesnake in Canada is not technically or biologically feasible. This will be re-evaluated in response to changing conditions and/or knowledge.,No change. This species has not been seen in Canada since 1941 despite intensive searches and the fact that it is easy to identify.,n/a,Not feasible Tiny cryptantha,Cryptantha minima,"Vascular plant, herb",Threatened,10/25/2006,5/1/2012,5/1/2012,Maintain or increase existing populations. Maintain habitat to support their distribution. The Recovery Strategy was amended in 2012. No changes were made to the recovery goals established in 2006.,"Due to the natural level of variability in number of individuals within populations and between years, and the uncertainty of the extent of habitat with potential to support tiny cryptantha, it is not possible to determine population trends for this species without further research. However, population decline is projected based on the continuing loss of plants in Medicine Hat and through activities associated with oil and gas exploration.",Currently not possible to determine population trends for this species. ,Insufficient data to determine trends Tope shark,Galeorhinus galeus,"Fish, marine",Special Concern,4/23/2012,4/1/2021,2/21/2022,Maintain viable populations and prevent a decline to levels at which they would become Threatened or Endangered.,Further data collection is necessary before an index of relative abundance can be created that will reflect actual abundance.,"More work needs to be completed in order to increase our understanding of the stock structure, habitat, and diet requirements of Tope Sharks to ensure the continued conservation of the species.",Insufficient data to determine trends Turnor's willow,Saule de Turnor,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,12/18/2013,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,Maintain current population density and area of occupancy.,Population estimated to be 1 520 000 to 33 300 000 individuals. Potential decline in extent of occurrence based on forest ingress along western margins of William River dunes. Decline in habitat due to net conversion of open dune area to forest.,No information available to directly assess population trends,Insufficient data to determine trends Twisted oak moss,Syntrichia laevipila,Moss,Special Concern,8/11/2011,11/1/2014,11/1/2014,Maintain known populations in British Columbia. ,One occurrence has been lost to urban development. New occurrences have been recorded but most sites have not been revisited. ,Trends cannot be determined.,Insufficient data to determine trends Unarmoured threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,11/10/2022,12/1/2023,,"Maintain self-sustaining populations of unarmoured threespine stickleback in Boulton Lake, Rouge Lake, and Serendipity Lake.","Rough population estimates based on catch per unit effort in the 1970s and 1980s: 350,000 for Boulton Lake, 17,500 for Rouge Lake, and 22,000 for Serendipity Lake. These estimates have been adopted as the target abundance levels in the Management Plan.","While populations have declined in all three lakes due to introduction of aquatic invasive species and droughts, some recovery is suggested. However, net decline or recovery is unknown due to lack of updated abundance estimates.",Insufficient data to determine trends Upper Great Lakes kiyi,Coregonus kiyi kiyi,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,6/15/2016,5/1/2005,8/29/2023,"The long-term goal of this management plan is to ensure the long-term persistence of kiyi throughout its current range in Lake Superior. Management should be directed toward gaining a greater understanding of its life history and the causes of its range contraction, and addressing the threat of invasive species to kiyi populations. More quantifiable objectives relating to individual populations will be developed once the necessary sampling and analysis have been completed.",Kiyi continues to be detected throughout its range in Lake Superior. Recent catch data shows an increase in abundance - likely a cyclical trend.,"Substantial progress has been made towards achieving the management objective for the kiyi in Canada as a result of these ongoing and/or completed activities. Continued fish community sampling in Lake Superior has revealed temporal trends in kiyi abundance and distribution. However, a number of research questions stemming from the management plan remain unanswered.",Mixed evidence Vananda Creek benthic threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,8/21/2019,12/1/2023,8/3/2022,Maintain self-sustaining populations of stickleback species pairs in the Vananda Creek watershed.,"A 2016 mark-recapture estimated the Vananda benthic stickleback population at 118,058. There have been no estimates since, but they remain locally abundant and easy to trap for study, and there is no evidence of decline.","There has been no systematic monitoring of abundance for the Vananda Creek stickleback species pair, so population trends are unknown. High capture rates in other studies suggest abundance remains high.",Yes Vananda Creek limnetic threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,8/21/2019,12/1/2023,8/3/2022,Maintain self-sustaining populations of stickleback species pairs in the Vananda Creek watershed.,"A 2016 mark-recapture estimated the Vananda Creek limnetic stickleback population at 110,612. There have been no estimates since, but they remain locally abundant and easy to trap for study, and there is no evidence of decline.","There has been no systematic monitoring of abundance for the Vananda Creek stickleback species pair, so population trends are unknown. High capture rates in other studies suggest abundance remains high.",Yes Vancouver lamprey,Lampetra macrostoma,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,9/27/2007,11/1/2017,8/15/2022,"Recovery Goal: Maintain a self-sustaining population within Cowichan and Mesachie lakes. Maintain, and where possible enhance, the ecological integrity of habitat. Recovery Objectives: 1) Maintain a self-sustaining population of Vancouver lamprey within Cowichan and Mesachie lakes that is resilient to short-term habitat perturbations. 2) Maintain, and where possible enhance, the ecological integrity of habitat for Vancouver lamprey. 3) Increase scientific understanding of Vancouver lamprey through additional investigation of its taxonomic status, natural history, critical habitat and threats to the species’ persistence. 4) Foster awareness of Vancouver lamprey and its conservation status, and encourage active local involvement in stewardship and habitat protection.","Robust abundance estimates do not exist for Vancouver lamprey; however, MacConnachie and Wade (2016) summarize sampling studies from the 1980s to 2015 that suggest a potential decline. Further research, particularly into the relationship between prey availability and lamprey abundance, is required to confirm abundance estimates and trends.","Vancouver lamprey are monitored through periodic studies and continue to be encountered throughout their known range, but there is a lack of current population abundance and trend data.",Insufficient data to determine trends Verna's flower moth,Schinia verna,Insect,Threatened,2/1/2016,11/1/2017,11/1/2017,Maintain occupancy in confirmed occurrences.,No data are currently available on population sizes and trends.,There is insufficient information to determine population trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends "Vesper sparrow, affinis subspecies",Pooecetes gramineus affinis,Bird,Endangered,12/20/2016,4/1/2018,4/1/2018,"Establish and maintain a breeding population of at least 30 breeding pairs distributed across a minimum of at least 3 sites, including the current site, within its historical breeding range.",Number of individuals is declining. No breeding has been confirmed since 2014. The current population is near zero.,Current population is near zero.,No Victorin's gentian,Gentiane de Victorin,"Vascular plant, herb",Threatened,10/23/2012,4/1/2022,,"The short-term objectives are to maintain and, if possible, increase the population size and area of occupancy of Victorin’s gentian within each of the 14 occurrences identified as priority targets. The long-term objectives are to maintain and, if possible, increase the population size and area of occupancy of Victorin’s gentian throughout its range in Canada.","Short-lived annual or biennial plant endemic to Canada. Occurs in restricted tidal freshwater or brackish shoreline habitats of the St. Lawrence River estuary. Since the last COSEWIC assessment, due to increased search effort the number of known subpopulations has increased from 28 to 35. Population is estimated at more than 30 000 mature individuals. No overall population trends were identified by COSEWIC. Of the 14 priority sites identified in the recovery strategy, 9 are stable, 3 are decreasing and 2 are increasing due to increased search effort. ","Of the 14 priority sites identified in the recovery strategy, 9 are stable, 3 are decreasing and 2 are increasing due to increased search effort.",Mixed evidence Victorin's water-hemlock,Cicuta maculata var. victorinii,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,5/30/2011,4/1/2022,,"In the long term, the objective is to maintain and, if possible, increase the population size and area of occupancy of Victorin’s water–hemlock throughout its range in Quebec. In the short term, the objective is to maintain and, if possible, increase the population size and area of occupancy of Victorin’s water–hemlock for each of the 18 occurrences identified as priority targets.","Victorin's water-hemlock is found in tall, open Prairie Cordgrass beds in freshwater and slightly brackish tidal marshes of the lower St. Lawrence estuary of southern Quebec. Population appears to be stable over the last 10 to 15 years. The population is estimated to be over 21 000 individuals with at least 16 637 mature individuals in 54 subpopulations. Most subpopulations appear stable with the exception of 3 locations (Saint-Romuald, Château-Richer and Cap Tourmente) due to storm erosion. ","Most subpopulations appear stable with the exception of 3 locations (Saint-Romuald, Château-Richer and Cap Tourmente) which suffered declines due to storm erosions at those locations. ",Mixed evidence Vole ears lichen,Erioderma mollissimum,Lichen,Endangered,12/10/2014,4/1/2021,11/1/2009,"To ensure that the species' known range (2012) and the health and stability of the three known populations (2012) are not impacted by the biological resource use (of the species' host tree), transportation and service corridors, residential and commercial development, or invasive non-native species.","The only extant population in North America can be found along the coast of Nova Scotia and on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland in Canada. In Nova Scotia there was a 14% loss (16 of 117) in the number of thalli recorded in the 17 occurrences that were surveyed in 2007/2008 and again in 2016. Some of the decline may be attributed to differences in survey methods. In Newfoundland in the 8 years of monitoring, 22 of the 84 (26%) mature and juvenile thalli have died. However, new thalli have been found. The number of extant thalli increased from 53 in 2012 to 62 in 2018.","While there appears to be an overall decrease in the number of thalli, there have also been new thalli found. Differences in survey methods make it hard to conclusively make comparisons between surveys.",Mixed evidence Warmouth,Lepomis gulosus,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,10/19/2009,5/1/2015,3/7/2022,"Maintain, or enhance, existing populations in Canada, and improve the quality and quantity of their associated habitats. ","The species has a very small distribution, exists at few locations and is subjected to continuing decline in extent and quality of habitat. Population sizes and trends for the 3 sub-populations are unknown. ",Observed decline in the quality and quantity of habitat.,Insufficient data to determine trends Water pennywort,Hydrocotyle umbellata,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,10/27/2022,5/1/2014,6/8/2022,Maintain extant populations at present levels of abundance or greater at current locations. Restore habitats to re-establish populations to areas of former habitat.,"A new site has been discovered since the previous assessment. Populations appear to be stable, based on annual surveys from 2004 to 2012 at Kejimkujik National Park, repeated comprehensive shoreline surveys at Wilsons Lake, and absence of observed disturbance at Springhaven Duck Lake.",Populations are stable.,Yes Water-plantain buttercup,Ranunculus alismifolius,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,8/11/2006,4/1/2009,4/1/2009,"Maintain the 2 extant localities at current levels of abundance or greater. Restore water-plantain buttercup to its approximate historical extent of occurrence and area of occupancy and establish at least 5 new, independent and self-sustaining populations.","There are only 2 extant populations. Based on the most recent data (2007), there were 306 flowering plants in Canada. Over the past 10 to 15 years the Canadian population has fluctuated between about 45 and 306 mature, reproductive individuals per year, probably as a result of among-year variations in soil moisture during the spring and early summer as well as other factors.","Fluctuations in population size are likely the result of variable environmental conditions and no clear trend exists. However, no new sites have been established.",Mixed evidence Wavy-rayed lampmussel,Lampsilis fasciola,Mollusc,Special Concern,2/23/2007,4/1/2010,6/11/2013,Restore degraded populations to healthy self-sustaining levels. Reintroduce the wavy-rayed lampmussel into areas where it formerly existed where feasible.,"Extensive quantitative surveys and long-term monitoring have been conducted since 1999. Many populations are showing signs of improvement. Population estimates have risen, area of occupancy has increased 2 to 3 fold, and relative abundances have increased from 2 to 4% to 20 to 50% in some watersheds. All but 1 population show signs of reproduction and recruitment. COSEWIC designated this species Endangered in 1999. In 2010, its status was re-examined and designated Special concern.",Population sizes are increasing and the area of occupancy is expanding.,Yes Western brook lamprey (Morrison Creek population),Lampetra richardsoni,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,7/23/2007,4/1/2010,11/21/2022,"Recovery Goal: To secure its long-term viability within its natural range. It is likely that this population will always remain at some risk due to its extremely limited distribution. Recovery Objectives: 1) Resolve taxonomic uncertainties related to Morrison Creek lamprey for the purposes of its effective protection and recovery. 2) Maintain a self-sustaining population of Morrison Creek lamprey within Morrison Creek. 3) Maintain, and where possible enhance, the ecological integrity of habitat for Morrison Creek lamprey. 4) Increase scientific understanding of Morrison Creek lamprey through additional investigation of its natural history, critical habitat and threats to its persistence. 5) Foster awareness of Morrison Creek lamprey and its conservation status, and encourage active local involvement in stewardship and habitat protection. ","While current population abundance and trends are unknown, Morrison Creek Lamprey have been monitored through periodic studies and continue to be encountered throughout their known range. ",Population trends are unknown.,Insufficient data to determine trends "Western harvest mouse, dychei subspecies",Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei,Mammal,Endangered,12/30/2015,11/1/2019,,Recovery goal: To maintain the current distribution and maintain or attain self-sustaining populations at all currently occupied locations in Alberta and Saskatchewan.,Population data is not available.,Population data is not available.,Insufficient data to determine trends "Western harvest mouse, megalotis subspecies",Reithrodontomys megalotis megalotis,Mammal,Special Concern,12/30/2015,11/1/2019,,"Management goal: Maintain stable or increasing populations of the western harvest mouse distributed throughout the species' known range in B.C. Management objectives: 1. Quantify population, habitat, and distribution targets required to maintain viable populations. 2. Secure protection for priority populations and habitats. 3. Assess and mitigate current threats at priority populations in B.C. 4. Address knowledge gaps related to key elements of western harvest mouse ecology and threats.",Population data is not available.,Population data is not available.,Insufficient data to determine trends Western prairie fringed-orchid,Platanthera praeclara,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,10/25/2006,11/1/2016,11/1/2016,"Maintain the population at its current population size and distribution, taking into account natural fluctuations.","The number of flowering individuals fluctuates widely from year to year. A decline may be inferred based on a gradual decline in suitable habitat, but there is no clear trend in population size.",There is no clear decline in population size.,Yes Western silvery minnow,Hybognathus argyritis,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,2/27/2008,11/1/2017,2/2/2022,To protect and maintain a self-sustaining population of western silvery minnow within its current range within the Milk River in Canada.,It appears that the population of western silvery minnow in the Milk River has not declined since the publication of the amended recovery strategy in 2017. ,"There are no known instances of population or habitat decline in the Milk River and there is no information to suggest that the population has declined since the amended recovery strategy (DFO 2017) was published, all of which suggests that the western silvery minnow in the Milk River is being maintained. ",Yes Westslope cutthroat trout (Alberta population),Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi,"Fish, freshwater",Threatened,12/12/2019,11/1/2016,12/12/2022,"Maintain the existing nearly pure populations at self-sustaining levels and re-establish additional pure populations to self-sustaining levels, within the species’ original distribution.","Subpopulations in Alberta are depressed relative to historical levels, and extirpations in large portions of watersheds have occurred. The number and distribution of pure subpopulations has steadily declined in Alberta.",Pure populations are declining.,No Westslope cutthroat trout (British Columbia population),Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi ,"Fish, freshwater",Special Concern,3/20/2017,11/1/2016,6/27/2023,"Long-term persistence of westslope cutthroat trout within its native range, through the objectives of: 1) maintain the native distribution and genetic diversity of populations; 2) maintain wild populations at abundance levels that prevent at-risk status assessment; and 3) maintain, or rehabilitate, the capacity of natural habitat to meet abundance targets for populations.","Abundance averaged ~30 fish/km for WCT >30 cm from snorkel surveys in some Kootenay systems. Applying the Alberta estimate of 100 fish/subpopulation to British Columbia systems indicates the presence of a minimum of 92,800 WCT.","Estimating abundance and trends over time for the DU as a whole is difficult. Standardized abundance surveys for WCT suggest the population is generally stable; however, regional variation exists.",Insufficient data to determine trends White flower moth,Schinia bimatris,Insect,Endangered,8/11/2011,11/1/2014,11/1/2014,"Maintain self-sustaining populations of unarmoured threespine stickleback in Boulton Lake, Rouge Lake, and Serendipity Lake.",Populations are expected to decline over the next century based on habitat projections.,Population declines are expected.,No White sturgeon (Nechako River population),Acipenser transmontanus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,1/25/2023,,1/25/2023,"Recovery goal: ensure that each of the populations are sustainable throughout their natural range, are self-sustaining through natural reproduction, and to increase or restore opportunities for beneficial use, if and when feasible. Population and distribution objectives: 1) Prevent extirpation of white sturgeon in each of the four identified populations by preventing net loss of reproductive potential. 2) Initiate, within 5 years, pilot studies towards restoration of natural recruitment for each population that is affected by dams. Within 10 years, identify methods for each population that, if and when implemented, have a high likelihood of restoring recruitment to a level sufficient to achieve the other recovery measures listed herein. 3) Reach or exceed all of the following population and distribution targets for survival or recovery within 50 years: a) 1,000 mature individuals in an approximately 1:1 sex ratio at maturity; b) distribution over the natural range, with the exception of Duncan Reservoir, Slocan Lake, the lower Kootenay River between Corra Linn and Brilliant Dams, and the Columbia River upstream of Revelstoke Dam; and c) ongoing natural recruitment sufficient to meet all other targets. 4) Reach or exceed population and distribution targets for beneficial use within specified timeframes. As success is achieved in meeting the biological recovery targets, the beneficial use targets and timelines will be established and adjusted. Such targets may vary among populations.","Nechako NSP adult abundance is estimated at 630 individuals. Natural recruitment target has not been achieved; 125 wild-origin juveniles were caught between 2009 and 2019, suggesting some degree of natural spawning success but not enough to sustain population levels (onoging recruitment failure). Conservation aquaculture and habitat restoration are ongoing. ","Annual monitoring of adults, juveniles, and spawning is conducted. Adult abundance is estimated at 630 individuals. 125 wild-origin juveniles were caught between 2009 and 2019, suggesting some degree of natural spawning success but not enough to sustain population levels (onoging recruitment failure). Conservation aquaculture and habitat restoration are ongoing. Natural recruitment has not been restored and adult population is below recovery target.",No White sturgeon (Upper Columbia River population),Acipenser transmontanus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,1/25/2023,,1/25/2023,"Recovery goal: ensure that each of the populations are sustainable throughout their natural range, are self-sustaining through natural reproduction, and to increase or restore opportunities for beneficial use, if and when feasible. Population and distribution objectives: 1) Prevent extirpation of white sturgeon in each of the four identified populations by preventing net loss of reproductive potential. 2) Initiate, within 5 years, pilot studies towards restoration of natural recruitment for each population that is affected by dams. Within 10 years, identify methods for each population that, if and when implemented, have a high likelihood of restoring recruitment to a level sufficient to achieve the other recovery measures listed herein. 3) Reach or exceed all of the following population and distribution targets for survival or recovery within 50 years: a) 1,000 mature individuals in an approximately 1:1 sex ratio at maturity; b) distribution over the natural range, with the exception of Duncan Reservoir, Slocan Lake, the lower Kootenay River between Corra Linn and Brilliant Dams, and the Columbia River upstream of Revelstoke Dam; and c) ongoing natural recruitment sufficient to meet all other targets. 4) Reach or exceed population and distribution targets for beneficial use within specified timeframes. As success is achieved in meeting the biological recovery targets, the beneficial use targets and timelines will be established and adjusted. Such targets may vary among populations.","Columbia NSP adult abundance is estimated at 1,042 individuals for the Canadian portion of the range. Natural recruitment target has not been achieved; wild-origin juveniles represent <1% of captures in the juvenile monitoring program (ongoing recruitment failure). Conservation aquaculture and habitat restoration are ongoing.","Annual monitoring of adults, juveniles, and spawning is conducted. Adult abundance is estimated at 1,042 individuals for the Canadian portion of the range. Natural recruitment target has not been achieved; wild-origin juveniles represent <1% of captures in the juvenile monitoring program (ongoing recruitment failure). Conservation aquaculture and habitat restoration are ongoing. Natural recruitment has not been restored but adult population is at recovery target.",No White sturgeon (Upper Fraser River population),Acipenser transmontanus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,1/25/2023,,1/25/2023,"Recovery goal: ensure that each of the populations are sustainable throughout their natural range, are self-sustaining through natural reproduction, and to increase or restore opportunities for beneficial use, if and when feasible. Population and distribution objective: prevent extirpation of white sturgeon in each of the four identified populations by preventing net loss of reproductive potential.",Ongoing monitoring efforts suggest the Upper Fraser River white sturgeon NSP is near historical levels and the age structure indicates the population is stable and recruitment is successful.,"Annual monitoring of adults, juveniles, and spawning is conducted. Ongoing monitoring efforts suggest the Upper Fraser River white sturgeon NSP is near historical levels and the age structure indicates the population is stable and recruitment is successful.",Yes White sturgeon (Upper Kootenay River population),Acipenser transmontanus,"Fish, freshwater",Endangered,1/25/2023,,1/25/2023,"Recovery goal: ensure that each of the populations are sustainable throughout their natural range, are self-sustaining through natural reproduction, and to increase or restore opportunities for beneficial use, if and when feasible. Population and distribution objectives: 1) Prevent extirpation of white sturgeon in each of the four identified populations by preventing net loss of reproductive potential. 2) Initiate, within 5 years, pilot studies towards restoration of natural recruitment for each population that is affected by dams. Within 10 years, identify methods for each population that, if and when implemented, have a high likelihood of restoring recruitment to a level sufficient to achieve the other recovery measures listed herein. 3) Reach or exceed all of the following population and distribution targets for survival or recovery within 50 years: a) 1,000 mature individuals in an approximately 1:1 sex ratio at maturity; b) distribution over the natural range, with the exception of Duncan Reservoir, Slocan Lake, the lower Kootenay River between Corra Linn and Brilliant Dams, and the Columbia River upstream of Revelstoke Dam; and c) ongoing natural recruitment sufficient to meet all other targets. 4) Reach or exceed population and distribution targets for beneficial use within specified timeframes. As success is achieved in meeting the biological recovery targets, the beneficial use targets and timelines will be established and adjusted. Such targets may vary among populations.","Kootenay NSP adult abundance is estimated at 1,744 for the entire Kootenay population (that is, US and Canada). Population targets for natural recruitment have not been achieved; wild juvenile recruits are not produced in sufficient numbers to sustain the population (ongoing recruitment failure). Conservation aquaculture and habitat restoration are ongoing.","Annual monitoring of adults, juveniles, and spawning is conducted. Kootenay NSP adult abundance is estimated at 1,744 for the entire Kootenay population (that is, US and Canada). Population targets for natural recruitment have not been achieved; wild juvenile recruits are not produced in sufficient numbers to sustain the population (ongoing recruitment failure). Conservation aquaculture and habitat restoration are ongoing. Natural recruitment has not been restored but adult population is at recovery target.",No White wood aster,Eurybia divaricata,"Vascular Plant, herb",Threatened,12/13/2018,12/1/2023,,"Maintain the current distribution and abundance (i.e., total number of stems) of the white wood aster in Canada; and where necessary and technically and biologically feasible, support natural increases of abundance (i.e., total number of stems) of extant local populations.","Most recent data indicate 61 subpopulations in Canada. Most recent counts estimate more than 101,000 flowering stems. ","There is insufficient data to confidently determine population trends. While overall population abundance has increased since 2002, it is likely due to greater search effort and reporting, rather than a true reflection of population increase. The few subpopulations for which regular monitoring has been done are either stable or declining.",Insufficient data to determine trends White-headed woodpecker,Dryobates albolarvatus,Bird,Endangered,3/13/2014,5/1/2023,,To enable a population of white-headed woodpeckers to exist within historically-occupied habitat.,"Between 2016 and 2020, fewer than 5 mature individuals have been recorded annually in Canada and the species may no longer regularly breed here.",Decline in the number of sightings reported in the past ten years and the species may no longer naturally breed in historical habitat.,No White-top aster,Sericocarpus rigidus,"Vascular plant, herb",Special Concern,8/11/2006,4/1/2009,4/1/2009,"Maintain extant populations at current levels of abundance or greater. Establish a minimum of 2 new self-sustaining populations in the Victoria area. By 2016, stable or increasing population size at 10 protected localities, with population growth projected.",Many populations appear to be declining because of a combination of threats within protected areas. Populations outside of protected areas are declining because of habitat disturbance.,Populations are stable or declining.,No Whooping crane,Grus americana,Bird,Endangered,11/20/2007,4/1/2010,4/1/2010,"Establish 1000 whooping cranes in North America by 2035. Protect, restore, and manage the species to be self-sustaining in the wild, no longer requiring the protections of the Species at Risk Act. Establish 2 additional wild populations, and maintain captive populations.","The wild Canadian population increased by over 40% between 1998 and 2008. Although slight decreases occasionally occur, likely due to predation, the population has been mostly increasing since intensive population monitoring was initiated in 1938.",Increasing population is consistent with recovery goals.,Yes Williamson's sapsucker,Sphyrapicus thyroideus,Bird,Endangered,12/10/2014,11/1/2017,11/1/2017,Ensure the persistence of the populations within each of the identified areas of occupancy by maintaining them at or above current abundance and distribution.,The population is estimated at 960 breeding adults. Long-term monitoring surveys were only established in 2012 so trends estimates are not yet available.,Current available data cannot be used to estimate trends.,Insufficient data to determine trends Willowleaf aster,Symphyotrichum praealtum,"Vascular Plant, herb",Threatened,12/21/2017,5/1/2024,," Maintain the current distribution and abundance of the ten existing populations and corresponding sub-populations of willowleaf aster, and where necessary, increase population abundance.","Currently at least 210,530 mature individuals of willowleaf aster in Canada. The estimate of abundance of willowleaf aster in Canada has increased by several orders of magnitude over the past 10 years. However, this is primarily a reflection of more detailed surveys for the species in recent years, mostly within transplanted colonies. Determining trends since the previous status report is complicated by a lack of abundance information in secondary sources and differences in how individuals were defined and counted. The area of extent is 7 872 km2 and the area of occupancy is 72 km2, both of which have declined from historical values.","While some increase in population abundance can be attributed to increase in surveying efforts, monitoring data has shown that transplanted populations in Windsor-LaSalle are increasing. Extent of occurrence has declined compared to 1999 and historical extent due to subpopulation loss.",No Wood-poppy,Stylophorum diphyllum,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,6/20/2007,11/1/2007,11/1/2007,"Stabilize or increase population sizes of mature plants at all known sites, including increasing population size at Population A to at least 50 mature individuals. Increase recruitment rates at all known sites.","The 3 known populations contained about 255, 250 and 24 mature plants, respectively, in 2006. The largest known population was partially covered by fill in 1993 and reduced from about 800 plants to about 170. By 2007 it had increased slightly to about 250 individuals, although this is not based on a detailed census. The other 2 populations have both increased slightly 2004−2007, but it is not clear if this is a short-term natural fluctuation or a trend. Overall population trend is a major decrease followed by stable or slight increase.",Recent stable population trend is consistent with recovery objective to stabilize or increase population sizes of mature plants at all known sites.,Yes Yellow lampmussel,Lampsilis cariosa,Mollusc,Special Concern,4/6/2010,11/1/2013,1/27/2017,Maintain the existing populations in Canada.,"Trends in population sizes are unknown. Habitat conditions in the Saint John watershed appear to be relatively unchanged. Within the Sydney River system, there has been little change in physical habitat since 2002, although the shorelines along the Sydney River were progressively being developed. An additional population has been identified within another (small) watershed in the Sydney area.","There is no information on population trends, but habitat conditions appear stable.",Yes "Yellow montane violet, praemorsa subspecies",Viola praemorsa ssp. praemorsa,"Vascular plant, herb",Endangered,8/11/2006,11/1/2007,11/1/2007,Maintain extant populations at current levels of abundance or greater. Restore Yellow Montane Violet to its estimated approximate historical extent of occurrence and area of occupancy and establish a minimum of 2 new populations.,"Several populations have been lost to property development; 12 of 14 remaining populations are protected. Based on recent data from each of the sites, the total British Columbia population size is between 32 000 and 49 000 plants. Two populations appear to be increasing but the change in numbers is actually a result of more careful searches. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the larger populations fluctuate substantially. There is no clear trend in the area of habitat occupied. The quality of the area of occupancy is declining, primarily as the result of invasion by exotic plants.","An overall trend cannot be determined due to fluctuations in population sizes. However, no new sites have been established and habitat quality is declining.",No Yellow rail,Coturnicops noveboracensis,Bird,Special Concern,10/16/2013,12/1/2023,,"To stabilize the quantity, quality and distribution of yellow rail breeding, moulting and migratory stopover habitat across Canada and to promote the conservation and management of suitable habitat on the wintering grounds. Objectives: 1. Identify key yellow rail breeding, moulting and migratory stopover sites and regularly assess habitat availability and condition at these sites in Canada. Key sites are those that are threatened, are used regularly over a period of years by yellow rails or used by a relatively large numbers of rails. 2. Conserve habitat at key breeding, moulting and migratory stopover sites in Canada. 3. Develop management practices for yellow rail habitat and promote their incorporation into existing and future wetland conservation and management initiatives. 4. Fill important knowledge gaps, particularly those related to main threats and effective management and conservation practices. 5. Develop and implement communication tools to increase public and private sector awareness and involvement in yellow rail conservation.","The size of the Canadian population of yellow rail is estimated at 18,000-65,000 mature individuals. This estimate is about 3-4 times higher than in previous status reports, as recent targeted surveys have found significant numbers in areas where it was previously thought to be rare or absent, and it is not interpreted as a population increase.",Management objective targets habitat restoration and is an operational objective.,Operational goals "Yellow-breasted chat, virens subspecies",Icteria virens virens,Bird,Endangered,2/1/2011,11/1/2011,11/1/2011,Maintain the virens subspecies at its current population level in Canada.,"There are fewer than 42 pairs in Ontario. The Ontario population has declined by about 33% from 2001 to 2011. This subspecies is showing long-term significant declines in all states adjacent to Ontario, coupled with a range retraction over most of the entire northeast. ",Population size is declining.,No Yucca moth,Tegeticula yuccasella,Insect,Endangered,8/11/2011,5/1/2013,5/1/2013,Re-establish a reproducing population of yucca moths at the Pinhorn site by 2011 and increase reproductive capacity. Maintain naturally self-sustaining populations at the AAFC Onefour Research Station site.,"Population data are short-term and insufficient to determine trends; adult moths are small and short-lived. The number of mature individuals fluctuates by a factor of up to 40 times among years. The number of moth larvae detected at Pinhorn in 2011 was 139. At Onefour, there is no indication of a decline in yucca moth abundance since 1998.","Successful larval emergence from soapweed seedpods at the Pinhorn site in 2011, confirming the presence of yucca moth. ",Yes ,,,,,,,,,, "Note: Categories account for the amount of time that has been available for recovery. For more information on the classifications, refer to the Methods (www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/species-risk-population-trends.html#methods) section. ",,,,,,,,,, "Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Parks Canada, and the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (2025).",,,,,,,,,, Available on the Environmental indicators website (www.canada.ca/environmental-indicators).,,,,,,,,,,